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Arghadeh R, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H, Sheikhhoseini R, Asgari M, Jaitner T. Electromyography of scapular stabilizers in people without scapular dyskinesis during push-ups: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1296279. [PMID: 38116582 PMCID: PMC10728295 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1296279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Push-up (PU) is widely considered an effective exercise to stabilize the scapular, especially if performed on unstable surfaces. However, available studies cover a wide range of exercise variations and differ according to exercise prescription, muscle selection and study design. Therefore, findings are contradictory, and conclusions for a proper application of the PU are difficult to draw. Objective: To synthesize the available literature on the changes in the activity of the periscapular muscles in individuals without scapular dyskinesis while performing different types of PU on unstable surfaces. Search procedure: Four online databases were searched from the earliest publications to 9 August 2023, using predefined keywords. Out of the 2,850 potential references identified in the primary search, 92 studies were reviewed in detail, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using a standardized form based on the Newcastle‒Ottawa scale for observational studies. Data combination was performed using CMA (v3), and the random-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The use of unstable surfaces in people without scapular dyskinesis led to increased activity of the upper trapezius during the PU (p = 0.017; I2 = 84.95%; SMD = 0.425 [95% CI 0.077, 0.773]) and knee PU (p = 0.023; I2 = 70.23%; SMD = 0.474 [95% CI 0.066, 0.882]) exercises and increased activity of the middle trapezius (MT) (p = 0.003; I2 = 64.50%; SMD = 0.672 [95% CI 0.225, 1.119]) and serratus anterior (SA) (p = 0.039; I2 = 4.25%; SMD = 0.216 [95% CI 0.011, 0.420]) muscles during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise. Conclusion: Using an unstable support base during PU does not necessarily increase the activity of all scapular stabilizers. The amount of muscle activity depends on the type of PU other than the type of support base. If an unstable surface is used, PUP exercise appears to be the most effective modality to increase the quality of training, improve performance, and prevent the occurrence of scapular dyskinesis due to the increase in the activity of the MT and SA muscles. Systematic Review Registration: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, CRD42021268465.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Arghadeh
- Department of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh
- Department of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooman Minoonejad
- Department of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahman Sheikhhoseini
- Department of Corrective Exercises and Sports Injury, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Asgari
- Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Jaitner
- Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Mendez-Rebolledo G, Orozco-Chavez I, Morales-Verdugo J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Cools AM. Electromyographic analysis of the serratus anterior and upper trapezius in closed kinetic chain exercises performed on different unstable support surfaces: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13589. [PMID: 35791364 PMCID: PMC9250763 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple investigations have compared the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the scapular muscles between stable and unstable support surfaces during the execution of closed kinetic chain exercises. However, these comparative analyses have grouped different unstable surfaces (wobble board, BOSU, therapeutic ball, and suspension equipment) into a single data pool, without considering the possible differences in neuromuscular demand induced by each unstable support surface. This study aimed to analyze the individual effect of different unstable support surfaces compared to a stable support surface on scapular muscles EMG activity during the execution of closed kinetic chain exercises. Methodology A literature search was conducted of the Pubmed Central, ScienceDirect and SPORTDiscus databases. Studies which investigated scapular muscles EMG during push-ups and compared at least two support surfaces were included. The risk of bias of included articles was assessed using a standardized quality assessment form for descriptive, observational and EMG studies, and the certainty of the evidence was measured with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ES, Hedge's g). Results Thirty studies were selected in the systematic review. Of these, twenty-three low-to-high quality studies (498 participants) were included in the meta-analysis. The main analyzes revealed, in decreasing order, greater UT EMG activity during push-ups performed on suspension equipment (ES = 2.92; p = 0.004), therapeutic ball (ES = 1.03; p < 0.001) and wobble board (ES = 0.33; p = 0.003); without effect on the BOSU ball. In addition, no effect was observed for SA on any unstable device. The certainty of the evidence ranged from low to very low due to the inclusion of descriptive studies, as well as high imprecision, inconsistency, and risk of publication bias. Conclusion These findings could be applied in scapular muscles strengthening in healthy individuals. The use of suspension equipment achieves higher UT activation levels. Conversely, the use of any type of unstable devices to increase the activation levels of the SA in shoulder musculoskeletal dysfunctions is not recommended. These conclusions should be interpreted with caution as the available evidence showed a low to very low certainty of evidence, downgraded mostly by inconsistency and imprecision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Orozco-Chavez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Juan Morales-Verdugo
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ann M.J. Cools
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Kowalski KL, Connelly DM, Jakobi JM, Sadi J. Shoulder electromyography activity during push-up variations: a scoping review. Shoulder Elbow 2022; 14:326-340. [PMID: 35599715 PMCID: PMC9121296 DOI: 10.1177/17585732211019373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Push-ups (PU) are a common closed chain exercise used to enhance shoulder girdle stability, with variations that alter the difficulty or target specific muscles. To appropriately select and prescribe PU exercises, an understanding of muscle activity during variations of the PU is needed. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify common PU variations and describe their muscle activation levels. METHODS Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus for articles published between January 2000 and November 2019. RESULTS Three hundred three articles were screened for eligibility with 30 articles included in the analysis. Six PU types and five muscles met the criteria for analysis. Weighted mean electromyography (EMG) amplitude was calculated for each muscle across PU types and for each PU type as a measure of global muscle activity. Triceps and pectoralis major had the highest EMG amplitude during unstable, suspension, incline with hands on a ball and the standard PU. Serratus anterior had the highest EMG amplitude during PU plus and incline PU. The greatest global EMG amplitude occurred during unstable surface PU. DISCUSSION These results provide clinicians with a framework for prescribing PU to target specific muscles and scale exercise difficulty to facilitate rehabilitation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Kowalski
- School of Kinesiology, University of
Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denise M Connelly
- School of Physical Therapy, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada,Denise M Connelly, School of Physical
Therapy, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6A
3K7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer M Jakobi
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences,
University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jackie Sadi
- School of Physical Therapy, University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Mendez-Rebolledo G, Morales-Verdugo J, Orozco-Chavez I, Habechian FAP, Padilla EL, de la Rosa FJB. Optimal activation ratio of the scapular muscles in closed kinetic chain shoulder exercises: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2021; 34:3-16. [PMID: 32831190 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-191771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle synergies contribute to scapular position during arm movement. The trapezius and serratus anterior (SA) muscles are the main stabilizers and are therefore the main target muscles of therapeutic exercises. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the current literature investigating the optimal activation ratio of the scapular muscles during a range of closed kinetic chain exercises. METHODS A systematic review search was conducted to identify studies reporting shoulder electromyography (EMG) activity during rehabilitation exercises in healthy participants. The search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and ScienceDirect. The included studies reported closed kinetic chain exercises and the muscle activity as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) or muscle ratios of the lower trapezius (LT), middle trapezius (MT), and SA with respect to the upper trapezius (UT). Muscle ratios were classified as optimal if they were equal to or lower than 0.6, and the adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the selected studies. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in this review; 7 main exercises and 30 variations of these were reported. The average electromyographic activity of the concentric and eccentric phase was considered. Half Push Up, Push Up Plus, and Scap Protraction exercises showed optimal SA activity (UT/SA < 0.6), while Press Up, Half Push Up, and One Hand Plank exercises showed optimal LT activity (UT/LT < 0.6). According to the NOS, 15 studies were classified as moderate methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS The exercises in higher positions (e.g. exercises with the trunk closest to the vertical line) or unstable surfaces tend to favor UT activity over the MT, LT and SA. The exercises including scapular retraction showed optimal UT/MT and UT/LT ratios, while those including scapular protraction showed optimal UT/SA ratios. This will assist therapists in the correct selection of exercises for shoulder rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Mendez-Rebolledo
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile.,Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Morales-Verdugo
- Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Ignacio Orozco-Chavez
- Departamento de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Fernanda Assis Paes Habechian
- Laboratorio de Investigación Clínica en Kinesiología, Departamento de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Eleazar Lara Padilla
- Postgrado en Ciencias del Ejercicio y del Deporte, Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, México
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EMG activity of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during elevation and PUSH UP exercises. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 27:247-255. [PMID: 34391241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation and push up (Pu) exercises are considered to be beneficial for the rehabilitation of shoulder complex pathology. Despite their clinical utility, there is a lack of evidence comparing scapulothoracic muscles recruitment during these exercises. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the EMG activity of upper trapezius (UT), Lower Trapezius (LT), Upper Serratus anterior (USa) and Lower Serratus anterior (LSa) muscles during a variety of elevation and Pu exercises. METHODS Thirteen healthy participants (non, athlete, male, mean ± standard deviation; age: 21.1 ± 1.8 years; height: 1.80 m ± 0.04; weight: 79 ± 12 kg) were assessed. EMG data was collected during Scaption, wall slide and elevation with external rotation (EleEr) with and without load. Pu classic, Pu plus (PuP) on stable/unstable surfaces and Pu with shoulder internal rotation were also assessed. RESULTS UT had a significant higher activity during 'Scaption load' (p < .05) and LT in 'EleEr load' and 'Scaption load' (p < .05). USa and LSa had a significant higher activity on 'PuP unstable surface' and 'PuP internal rotation' compared to elevation exercises (p < .05). Scaption had greater activity ratio compared to the other exercises on UT/LT (p < .05). Pu variations had lower results in UT/USa and UT/LSa ratios compared to shoulder elevation exercises (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Elevation exercises produce significant effects on upper and lower trapezius activation while Pu exercises on Sa muscles. Wall slide exercise notes the lowest activation in all muscles. A descending order of muscle activity during different variations of elevation and Pu exercises is provided in order to guide exercise selection in everyday clinical practice.
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Cappato de Araújo R, Andrade da Silva H, Pereira Dos Passos MH, Alves de Oliveira VM, Rodarti Pitangui AC. Use of unstable exercises in periscapular muscle activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of electromyographic studies. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 26:318-328. [PMID: 33992265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of unstable surfaces has been proposed to increase the neuromuscular demand. This strategy has been adopted to generate an increase in the activity of periscapular muscles due to its role in the stabilization of the scapula. However, the influence of this instability on the EMG activity remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of using unstable surfaces on the EMG activity of the periscapular muscles. METHODS A comprehensive search in the PubMed, EMBASE, SCIELO, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Cochrane and LILACS databases was undertaken from their year of inception up to December 2019. Studies which directly investigated the EMG activity of periscapular muscles in healthy individuals while performing exercises for the upper limbs in stable and unstable conditions. RESULTS A total of 33 studies which evaluated a total of 678 healthy individuals were found according to the eligibility criteria. A meta-analysis identified that the EMG activity of the upper trapezius showed a trivial increase with the insertion of the unstable surface (P = 0.04; SMD = 0.14 [95%CI 0.00, 0.27]). No significant effects were observed on the middle trapezius (P = 0.10) and lower trapezius (P = 0.25). A decrease of the anterior serratus EMG activity with a small effect size was observed by implementing an unstable surface (P = 0.01; SMD = -0.21 [95%CI -0.36, -0.05]). CONCLUSION The use of unstable surfaces generated a trivial increase in the upper trapezius activity, and a slight decrease in the anterior serratus activity. No effect was observed on the middle and lower trapezius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil.
| | - Hítalo Andrade da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil
| | - Muana Hiandra Pereira Dos Passos
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil
| | - Valéria Mayaly Alves de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rodarti Pitangui
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Brazil, Br 203 Km2 S/N, Cidade Universitária, Petrolina, PE, 56328-903, Brazil
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FOREARM POSITION MATTERS DURING ECCENTRIC SHOULDER EXERCISES: AN EMG RECRUITMENT STUDY WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2020; 15:1110-1118. [PMID: 33344028 DOI: 10.26603/ijspt20201110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eccentric exercise has demonstrated great utility in the rehabilitation of various shoulder pathologies. Research on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the shoulder musculature during these activities is limited, however. Furthermore, no studies have observed how forearm positioning during exercise affects EMG output. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose was to examine the degree of specific muscle recruitment among commonly used eccentric exercises in rehabilitation of the upper extremity and shoulder. Secondarily, the authors hypothesized that different hand/forearm positions would alter EMG activity within the targeted musculature during a given exercise. Study Design Prospective cross-sectional observation of EMG analysis. Methods This study analyzed surface EMG data obtained from 10 healthy individuals during five eccentric exercises of the dominant extremity, performed in a randomized order: side-lying eccentric horizontal abduction (SL ER), half-kneeling weighted ball decelerations (BALL DC), seated eccentric external rotation in scaption (STD ER), standing eccentric external rotation at 0deg (STND ER), supine eccentric external rotation at 90deg (SUP ER). Each exercise was performed with two to three forearm position variants commonly used in clinical environments: neutral, pronation, and/or supination. EMG data were collected from the upper trapezius, infraspinatus, teres minor, latissimus dorsi, and anterior/middle/posterior deltoid. Data were analyzed for each individual exercise and within each muscle using a mixed-model ANOVA repeated across forearm position. Significant interactions were followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test for pairwise comparisons. Effect size was calculated for all significant pairwise comparisons using a Cohen's d statistic. Results Significant differences in EMG activity for the selected musculature exist between forearm positions for four of the five exercises and Cohen's d effect sizes 0.178 - 1.159. Conclusion Specific eccentric shoulder exercises activate muscles of the shoulder complex differently based on forearm positioning. Level of Evidence Level 2.
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Ombabi AH, Ouarda W, Alimi AM. Deep learning CNN–LSTM framework for Arabic sentiment analysis using textual information shared in social networks. SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS AND MINING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13278-020-00668-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kang FJ, Ou HL, Lin KY, Lin JJ. Serratus Anterior and Upper Trapezius Electromyographic Analysis of the Push-Up Plus Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Athl Train 2019; 54:1156-1164. [PMID: 31584855 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-237-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Whereas the serratus anterior (SA) and the upper trapezius (UT) work as a force couple for scapular motion, weakness of the SA and overactivation of the UT are often present in overhead athletes with shoulder dysfunction. Therefore, researchers addressing an intramuscular imbalance between the SA and UT have focused on finding exercises that target the weak SA and minimally activate the UT. OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of push-up plus (PUP) exercise variants based on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the SA and UT. DATA SOURCES A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus between January 1, 2000, and March 31, 2008. STUDY SELECTION Studies of PUP exercises that involved EMG analysis. DATA EXTRACTION We assessed study quality using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program. For the systematic analysis, the following data were extracted: (1) author, year, and study design; (2) participant characteristics; (3) type of PUP intervention; (4) EMG outcome measures; and (5) main results. For the meta-analysis, the EMG data of the SA and UT were calculated using the mean difference of EMG activity with a 95% confidence interval. DATA SYNTHESIS Based on 19 studies with 356 participants, different hand positions (the distance between the hands, shoulder-flexion angle, and elbow-flexion angle) and different lower extremity positions variably affected the activation of the SA and UT during the PUP exercise. Also, when participants performed the PUP on an unstable surface compared with a stable surface, UT activity increased 2.74% (95% confidence interval = 0.07%, 5.41%). CONCLUSIONS The standard PUP exercise elicited high EMG activity of the SA. Participants generated higher SA and lower UT EMG activity when they performed the PUP exercise on a stable surface in full elbow extension, with the hands placed shoulder-width apart, shoulder-flexion angles of 110° or 120°, and the ipsilateral lower extremity lifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jie Kang
- School & Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
| | | | - Kun-Ying Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Ziguan District, Taiwan
| | - Jiu-Jenq Lin
- School & Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei
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Caravan A, Scheffey JO, Briend SJ, Boddy KJ. Surface electromyographic analysis of differential effects in kettlebell carries for the serratus anterior muscles. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5044. [PMID: 29910993 PMCID: PMC6003386 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the Electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the serratus anterior between 45° kettlebell carries and 90° kettlebell carries. Thirty-three men aged roughly between 19 and 23 and who were either college or professional baseball pitchers were chosen and randomly assigned to either perform the 45° kettlebell carry followed by the 90° kettlebell carry (n = 17) or the 90° kettlebell carry followed by the 45° kettlebell carry (n = 16). Each pitcher was instructed in the proper usage of the exercise and assigned a short break between the two carries. Changes in EMG amplitude were examined after proper band-pass filtering, normalization, and moving average-smoothing of the raw EMG signal. Differences of the EMG amplitude mean frequencies were examined between each subject’s individual carries and the clumped groups of all 45° and 90° carries. Among each individual comparison, eight pitchers had “large” Effect Size differences between the EMG amplitudes of their two carries, with seven of them signaling the 45° carry as the larger value. In addition, when examining the grouped mean differences of the EMG amplitudes, we found the 45° carries to be significantly higher (p-value of 0.018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Caravan
- Research and Development, Driveline Baseball, Inc, Kent, WA, USA
| | - John O Scheffey
- Research and Development, Driveline Baseball, Inc, Kent, WA, USA
| | - Sam J Briend
- High Performance, Driveline Baseball, Inc, Kent, WA, USA
| | - Kyle J Boddy
- Research and Development, Driveline Baseball, Inc, Kent, WA, USA
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