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Liu X, Zhou M, Tan J, Ma L, Tang H, He G, Tao X, Guo L, Kang X, Tang K, Bian X. Inhibition of CX3CL1 by treadmill training prevents osteoclast-induced fibrocartilage complex resorption during TBI healing. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1295163. [PMID: 38283363 PMCID: PMC10811130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The healing of tendon-bone injuries is very difficult, often resulting in poor biomechanical performance and unsatisfactory functional recovery. The tendon-bone insertion has a complex four distinct layers structure, and previous studies have often focused on promoting the regeneration of the fibrocartilage layer, neglecting the role of its bone end repair in tendon-bone healing. This study focuses on the role of treadmill training in promoting bone regeneration at the tendon-bone insertion and its related mechanisms. Methods After establishing the tendon-bone insertion injury model, the effect of treadmill training on tendon-bone healing was verified by Micro CT and HE staining; then the effect of CX3CL1 on osteoclast differentiation was verified by TRAP staining and cell culture; and finally the functional recovery of the mice was verified by biomechanical testing and behavioral test. Results Treadmill training suppresses the secretion of CX3CL1 and inhibits the differentiation of local osteoclasts after tendon-bone injury, ultimately reducing osteolysis and promoting tendon bone healing. Discussion Our research has found the interaction between treadmill training and the CX3CL1-C3CR1 axis, providing a certain theoretical basis for rehabilitation training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jindong Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gang He
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Tao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Kang
- Pancreatic Injury and Repair Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kanglai Tang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuting Bian
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4218-4231. [PMID: 32691303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction and deterioration of memory and cognition. These symptoms are associated with the disruption of normal neuronal function, i.e., the secretion of neurotrophic factors, interhemispheric connections, and synaptic activity, and hence the disruption of the normal neural circuit. Exercise is considered an effective and feasible rehabilitation strategy for improving cognitive and motor recovery following ischemic stroke through the facilitation of neuroplasticity. In this review, our aim was to discuss the mechanisms by which exercise-induced neuroplasticity improves motor function and cognitive ability after ischemic stroke. The associated mechanisms include increases in neurotrophins, improvements in synaptic structure and function, the enhancement of interhemispheric connections, the promotion of neural regeneration, the acceleration of neural function reorganization, and the facilitation of compensation beyond the infarcted tissue. We also discuss some common exercise strategies and a novel exercise therapy, robot-assisted movement, which might be widely applied in the clinic to help stroke patients in the future.
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Sobrino T, Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Campos F, Iglesias-Rey R, Millán M, de la Ossa NP, Dávalos A, Delgado-Mederos R, Martínez-Domeño A, Martí-Fábregas J, Castellanos M, Serena J, Lago A, Díez-Tejedor E, Castillo J. Association of High Serum Levels of Growth Factors with Good Outcome in Ischemic Stroke: a Multicenter Study. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:653-663. [PMID: 31768951 PMCID: PMC7340658 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this research work was to study the association of serum levels of growth factors (GF) and SDF-1α with the functional outcome and reduction of lesion volume in ischemic stroke patients. In this multicenter study, 552 patients with non-lacunar stroke (male, 62.1%; mean age, 68.2 ± 11.4) were included within 24 h from symptom onset. The main outcome variable was good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] ≤ 2) at 12 months. Secondary outcome variable was infarct volume (in mL) after 6 ± 3 months. Serum levels of VEGF, Ang-1, G-CSF, BDNF, and SDF-1α were measured by ELISA at admission, 7 ± 1 days, at 3 ± 1 months, and 12 ± 3 months. Except for BDNF, all GF and SDF-1α serum levels showed a peak value at day 7 and remained elevated during the first 3 months (all p < 0.01). High serum levels at day 7 of VEGF (OR, 19.3), Ang-1 (OR, 14.7), G-CSF (OR, 9.6), and SDF-1α (OR, 28.5) were independently associated with good outcome at 12 months (all p < 0.0001). On the other hand, serum levels of VEGF (B, − 21.4), G-CSF (B, − 14.0), Ang-1 (B, − 13.3), and SDF-1α (B, − 44.6) measured at day 7 were independently associated with lesion volume at 6 months (p < 0.01). In summary, high serum levels of VEGF, Ang-1, G-CSF, and SDF-1α at day 7 and 3 months after ischemic stroke are associated with good functional outcome and smaller residual lesion at 1 year of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Millán
- Department of Neurosciences - Acute Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Natalia Pérez de la Ossa
- Department of Neurosciences - Acute Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antonio Dávalos
- Department of Neurosciences - Acute Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universidad Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado-Mederos
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Joan Martí-Fábregas
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Castellanos
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, Hospital Universitario Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Joaquín Serena
- Department of Neurology - Stroke Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Girona, Hospital Universitario Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Aida Lago
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Exuperio Díez-Tejedor
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Neurosciences Area, IdiPAZ (Health Research Institute), La Paz University Hospital, Autónoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Alcantara CC, García-Salazar LF, Silva-Couto MA, Santos GL, Reisman DS, Russo TL. Post-stroke BDNF Concentration Changes Following Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. Front Neurol 2018; 9:637. [PMID: 30210424 PMCID: PMC6121011 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Research over the last two decades has highlighted the critical role of Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in brain neuroplasticity. Studies suggest that physical exercise may have a positive impact on the release of BDNF and therefore, brain plasticity. These results in animal and human studies have potential implications for the recovery from damage to the brain and for interventions that aim to facilitate neuroplasticity and, therefore, the rehabilitation process. Purpose: The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review of the literature investigating how aerobic exercises and functional task training influence BDNF concentrations post-stroke in humans and animal models. Data Sources: Searches were conducted in PubMed (via National Library of Medicine), SCOPUS (Elsevier), CINAHL with Full Text (EBSCO), MEDLINE 1946-present with daily updates (Ovid) and Cochrane. Study Selection: All of the database searches were limited to the period from January, 2004 to May, 2017. Data Extraction: Two reviewers extracted study details and data. The methodological quality of the studies that used animal models was assessed using the ARRIVE Guidelines, and the study that evaluated human BDNF was assessed using the PEDro Scale. Data Synthesis: Twenty-one articles were included in this review. BDNF measurements were performed systemically (serum/plasma) or locally (central nervous system). Only one study evaluated human BDNF concentrations following physical exercise, while 20 studies were experimental studies using a stroke model in animals. A wide variation was observed in the training protocol between studies, although treadmill walking was the most common type of intervention among the studies. Studies were of variable quality: the studies that used animal models scored from 8/20 to 15/20 according to the ARRIVE Guidelines. The only study that evaluated human subjects scored 5/10 according to the PEDro scale and, which indicates a quality classified as "fair". Conclusions: The results of the current systematic review suggest that aerobic exercise promotes changes in central BDNF concentrations post-stroke. On the other hand, BDNF responses following functional exercises, such as reaching training and Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT), seem to be still controversial. Given the lack of studies evaluating post-stroke BDNF concentration following physical exercise in humans, these conclusions are based on animal work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina C. Alcantara
- Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luisa F. García-Salazar
- Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, GI Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcela A. Silva-Couto
- Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Gabriela L. Santos
- Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Darcy S. Reisman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Thiago L. Russo
- Laboratory of Neurological Physiotherapy Research, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Frank LR, Roynard PFP. Veterinary Neurologic Rehabilitation: The Rationale for a Comprehensive Approach. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:49-57. [PMID: 30236409 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increase in client willingness to pursue surgical procedures, the heightened perceived value of veterinary patients, and the desire to provide comprehensive medical care have driven the recent demand of using an integrative treatment approach in veterinary rehabilitation. Physical therapy following neurologic injury has been the standard of care in human medicine for decades, whereas similar rehabilitation techniques have only recently been adapted and utilized in veterinary medicine. Spinal cord injury is the most common neurologic disease currently addressed by veterinary rehabilitation specialists and will be the primary focus of this review; however, research in other neurologic conditions will also be discussed. Of particular interest, to clients and veterinarians are techniques and modalities used to promote functional recovery after neurologic injury, which can mean the difference between life and death for many veterinary patients. The trend in human neurologic rehabilitation, often regardless of etiology, is a multimodal approach to therapy. Evidence supports faster and improved recoveries in people after neurologic injury using a combination of rehabilitation techniques. Although the primary neurological disorders researched tend to be spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathies, allodynia, multiple sclerosis, and strokes-many correlations can be made to common veterinary neurological disorders. Such comprehensive protocols entail gait training activities in combination with neuromuscular electrical stimulation and directed exercises. Additionally, pain-relieving and functional benefits are bolstered when acupuncture is used in addition to rehabilitation. Studies, both laboratory and clinical, support the use of acupuncture in the management of neurologic conditions in small animals, specifically in cases of intervertebral disc disease, other myelopathies, and neuropathic pain conditions. Acupuncture's ability to promote analgesia, stimulate trophic factors, and decrease inflammation, including neuroinflammation, make it an alluring adjunct therapy after neurologic injury. Although there is limited research in veterinary medicine on physical techniques that expedite recovery after neurologic injury, there are sparse publications on clinical veterinary research suggesting the benefits of acupuncture, rehabilitation, and LASER in dogs with intervertebral disk disease. Accordingly, due to the relative lack of evidence-based studies in veterinary neurologic rehabilitation, much of the data available is human or laboratory-animal based, however, evidence supports the utilization of an early, comprehensive treatment protocol for optimal neurologic recovery. The rationale for why an integrative approach is critical will be detailed in this review; in addition, literature on specific physical rehabilitation techniques that have evidence of improved recoveries after neurologic injury, will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Frank
- Physical Rehabilitation and Acupuncture Service, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA
| | - Patrick F P Roynard
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Department, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA; Fipapharm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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The beneficial role of early exercise training following stroke and possible mechanisms. Life Sci 2018; 198:32-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mechanism of Activating the Proprioceptive NT-3/TrkC Signalling Pathway by Reverse Intervention for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Hamstring Reflex Arc with Electroacupuncture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6348764. [PMID: 29581981 PMCID: PMC5822800 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6348764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important structure maintaining stability of the knee joints. Deficits in physical stability and the proprioceptive capabilities of the knee joints are observed, when the ACL is damaged. Additionally, a unilateral ACL injury can affect bilateral knee proprioception; therefore, proprioception of the ACL may play a key role in stability. Electroacupuncture therapy has a definite effect nerve regeneration. In this study, cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into 4 groups: the model control group, intervention of the injured knee with electroacupuncture (IIKE) group, intervention of the bilateral knees with electroacupuncture (IBKE) group, and the blank control group. The unilateral ACL injury model was developed in IIKE and IBKE groups; acupuncture points around the knees underwent intervention similarly in the IIKE and IBKE groups. Then, mRNA and protein expressions of NT-3 and TrkC in the dorsal root ganglion and of growth-associated protein-43 in the ACL increased according to reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting results. Decreased incubations and increased amplitudes were found for somatosensory-evoked potentials and motor nerve conduction velocity. The finding indicates that electroacupuncture may play an important role in the recovery of proprioception in the ACL by activating the NT-3/TrkC signalling pathway.
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Na SS, Kim SK, Jung NJ, Hwangbo G. The relationship between non-affected forelimb exercise and recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in acute phase. J Phys Ther Sci 2017; 29:1821-1823. [PMID: 29184297 PMCID: PMC5684018 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.29.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In the present study, we hypothesized that exercise of the nonaffected forelimb
in the early poststroke phase would stimulate the intact hemisphere, thereby influencing
the hemisphere of the infarcted side and improving the performance of the hemiplegic limb.
[Subjects and Methods] Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (8–10 weeks of age, weighing
250–300 g, n=12) were used and randomly divided into 3 groups: nonaffected forelimb
exercise for 3 days and treadmill exercise 7 days after ischemia (ETF, n=6), resting for 3
days and treadmill exercise 7 days after ischemia (ETN, n=6), and after ischemia 10 days
resting group. To validate nerve growth factor (NGF), western blot analysis was performed.
The results were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 18.0. and expressed as mean ±
standard deviation (SD). [Results] Early treadmill exercise increased the expression of
NGF protein level in both ETE and ETN groups. Comparing between the nonaffected forelimb
exercise and infarct hemisphere in NGF protein expression, the ETE group showed higher
increase of NGF protein level in right hemisphere than ETN group, but there was no
statistical significance. [Conclusion] The early treadmill exercise increased NGF protein
expression levels in both hemispheres and the nonaffected forelimb exercise in the early
poststroke recovery phase could enhance neuronal recovery after focal ischemia in rat
models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Su Na
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyu Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Jin Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gak Hwangbo
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Daegu University: 201 Daegudae-ro, Jillyang, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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