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Teległów A, Marchewka J, Tota Ł, Mucha D, Ptaszek B, Makuch R, Mucha D. Changes in blood rheological properties and biochemical markers after participation in the XTERRA Poland triathlon competition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3349. [PMID: 35232974 PMCID: PMC8888667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of physical activity in preventing chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and the role of exercise as an adjunct therapy are widely recognized. Triathlon is a typically endurance discipline. Prolonged and intensive exercise is known to cause changes in blood rheological properties and biochemical markers; sometimes athletes participating in strenuous competitions need medical attention. To understand the phenomena occurring in the body in such situations, we decided to study participants’ biomarkers after the XTERRA Poland 2017 triathlon competition. The study involved 10 triathletes. The XTERRA Poland 2017 event comprised 1500-m swimming, 36-km cycling, and 10-km mountain running. Blood samples were collected 2 days before, immediately after, and 16 h after the competition. Immediately after the race, white blood cells count, platelets, and uric acid levels were significantly (P < 0.001) increased; haematocrit, Na+, Cl–, and IgA were decreased. On the following day, Na+, Cl–, and C-reactive protein levels were significantly (P < 0.001) increased; white blood cells count, red blood cells count, haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, platelets, IgG, and IgA were decreased. Assessing rheological parameters such as erythrocyte deformability and aggregation is useful for monitoring adverse effects of intensive and exhaustive exercise. The study illustrates the change in blood rheological properties and biochemical markers after intensive physical effort. Despite these differences, the indicators were within the reference range for the general population, which may demonstrate normal body function in the studied triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Teległów
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Marchewka
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dawid Mucha
- Institute of Health Sciences, Podhale State College of Applied Science in Nowy Targ, Nowy Targ, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Ptaszek
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Makuch
- Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Radom, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Yasuda N, Ruby BC. Assessment of urinary protein composition in response to consecutive days of wildland firefighting. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2018; 25:27-34. [PMID: 29157150 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2017.1407524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the pattern of urinary protein excretion induced by 3 consecutive days of wildland firefighting. Eighteen male active-duty military personnel served as the participants. All testing on the 3 consecutive days was conducted at a Northwestern USA fire camp. All participants consumed military-based foods containing 2620-2864 kcal/day. The work activity was evaluated with an accelerometer in association with body weight and hydration markers over the experimental period. Urinary samples were collected pre and post workshift on days 1 and 3 to assess glomerular and tubular protein excretion (total protein, albumin, β2-microglobulin, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and creatinine). The urinary levels of glomerular and tubular protein were not significantly different. The main findings of the present study indicate that similar alterations of urinary protein composition can be observed over consecutive days of wildland firefighting, which appears to be dependent on intensity rather than total work output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Yasuda
- a Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism , The University of Montana , USA
| | - Brent C Ruby
- a Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism , The University of Montana , USA
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Bongers CCWG, Alsady M, Nijenhuis T, Hartman YAW, Eijsvogels TMH, Deen PMT, Hopman MTE. Impact of acute versus repetitive moderate intensity endurance exercise on kidney injury markers. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13544. [PMID: 29263119 PMCID: PMC5742704 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise may lead to kidney injury through several mechanisms. Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (uKIM1) and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (uNGAL) are known biomarkers for acute kidney injury, but their response to repetitive exercise remains unknown. We examined the effects of a single versus repetitive bouts of exercise on markers for kidney injury in a middle-aged population. Sixty subjects (aged 29-78 years, 50% male) were included and walked 30, 40 or 50 km for three consecutive days. At baseline and after exercise day 1 and 3, a urine sample was collected to determine uNGAL and uKIM1. Furthermore, urinary cystatin C, creatinine, and osmolality were used to correct for dehydration-related changes in urinary concentration. Baseline uNGAL was 9.2 (5.2-14.7) ng/mL and increased to 20.7 (11.0-37.2) ng/mL and 14.2(8.0-26.3) ng/mL after day 1 and day 3, respectively, (P ≤ 0.001). Baseline uKIM1 concentration was 2.6 (1.4-6.0) ng/mL and increased to 5.2 (2.4-9.1) ng/mL (P = 0.002) after day 1, whereas uKIM1 was not different from baseline at day 3 (2.9 [1.4-6.4] ng/mL (P = 0.52)). Furthermore, both uNGAL and uKIM1 levels were higher after day 1 compared to day 3 (P < 0.01). When corrected for urinary cystatin C, creatinine, and osmolality, uNGAL demonstrated a similar response compared to the uncorrected data, whereas differences in uKIM1 between baseline, day 1 and day 3 (Ptime = 0.63) were no longer observed for cystatin C and creatinine corrected data. A single bout of prolonged exercise significantly increased uNGAL concentration, whereas no changes in uKIM1 were found. Repetitive bouts of exercise show that there is no cumulative effect of kidney injury markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen C. W. G. Bongers
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Alsady
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of NephrologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Yvonne A. W. Hartman
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Thijs M. H. Eijsvogels
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter M. T. Deen
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Maria T. E. Hopman
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud Institute for Health SciencesRadboud university medical centerNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Danielsson T, Carlsson J, Schreyer H, Ahnesjö J, Ten Siethoff L, Ragnarsson T, Tugetam Å, Bergman P. Blood biomarkers in male and female participants after an Ironman-distance triathlon. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179324. [PMID: 28609447 PMCID: PMC5469473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While overall physical activity is clearly associated with a better short-term and long-term health, prolonged strenuous physical activity may result in a rise in acute levels of blood-biomarkers used in clinical practice for diagnosis of various conditions or diseases. In this study, we explored the acute effects of a full Ironman-distance triathlon on biomarkers related to heart-, liver-, kidney- and skeletal muscle damage immediately post-race and after one week’s rest. We also examined if sex, age, finishing time and body composition influenced the post-race values of the biomarkers. Methods A sample of 30 subjects was recruited (50% women) to the study. The subjects were evaluated for body composition and blood samples were taken at three occasions, before the race (T1), immediately after (T2) and one week after the race (T3). Linear regression models were fitted to analyse the independent contribution of sex and finishing time controlled for weight, body fat percentage and age, on the biomarkers at the termination of the race (T2). Linear mixed models were fitted to examine if the biomarkers differed between the sexes over time (T1-T3). Results Being male was a significant predictor of higher post-race (T2) levels of myoglobin, CK, and creatinine levels and body weight was negatively associated with myoglobin. In general, the models were unable to explain the variation of the dependent variables. In the linear mixed models, an interaction between time (T1-T3) and sex was seen for myoglobin and creatinine, in which women had a less pronounced response to the race. Conclusion Overall women appear to tolerate the effects of prolonged strenuous physical activity better than men as illustrated by their lower values of the biomarkers both post-race as well as during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Danielsson
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jörg Carlsson
- Department of Biosciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Kalmar Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Ahnesjö
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | - Thony Ragnarsson
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Åsa Tugetam
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Pedagogics, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bergman
- Department of Sport Sciences, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Mosconi G, Roi GS, Totti V, Zancanaro M, Tacconi A, Todeschini P, Ramazzotti E, Di Michele R, Trerotola M, Donati C, Nanni Costa A. Renal Function in Kidney and Liver Transplant Recipients After A 130-km Road Cycling Race. Transplant Direct 2015; 1:e36. [PMID: 27500236 PMCID: PMC4946485 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few patients, after receiving solid organ transplantation, return to performing various sports and competitions; however, at present, data no study had evaluated the effects of endurance cycling races on their renal function. METHODS Race times and short form (36) health survey questionnaires of 10 kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and 8 liver transplant recipients (LTR) transplanted recipients involved in a road cycling race (130 km) were compared with 35 healthy control subjects (HCS), also taking laboratory blood and urine tests the day before the race, at the end of the race, and 18 to 24 hours after competing. RESULTS The 3 groups showed similar race times (KTR, 5 hours 59 minutes ± 0 hours 39 minutes; LTR, 6 hours 20 minutes ± 1 hour 11 minutes; HCS, 5 hours 40 minutes ± 1 hour 28 minutes), similar short form (36) health survey scores, and similar trend of laboratory parameters which returned to baseline after 18 to 24 hours. After the race, there was an increase in creatinine (0.24 mg/dL; effect size [ES] = 0.78; P < 0.001), urea (22 mg/dL; ES = 1.42; P < 0.001), and a decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (-17 mL/min; ES = 0.85; P < 0.001). The increase of blood uric acid was more remarkable in HCS and KTR (2.3 mg/dL; ES = 1.39; P < 0.001). The KTR showed an increase of microalbuminuria (167.4 mg/L; ES = 1.20; P < 0.001) and proteinuria (175 mg/mL; ES = 0.97; P < 0.001) similar to LTR (microalbuminuria: 176.0 mg/L; ES = 1.26; P < 0.001; proteinuria: 213 mg/mL; ES = 1.18; P < 0.001), with high individual variability. The HCS had a nonsignificant increase of microalbuminuria (4.4 mg/L; ES = 0.03; P = 0.338) and proteinuria (59 mg/mL; ES = 0.33; P = 0.084). CONCLUSIONS Selected and well-trained KTR and LTR patients can participate to an endurance cycling race showing final race times and temporary modifications of kidney function similar to those of HCS group, despite some differences related to baseline clinical conditions and pharmacological therapies. Patients involved in this study represent the upper limit of performance currently available for transplant recipients and cannot be considered representative of the entire transplanted population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mosconi
- Nephrology and Dialysis, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical & Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Gonçalves LGC, Aquino RLDQTD, Puggina EF. Long distance run induced hydration and kidney function changes in marathoners. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742015000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to verify the hydration status and the kidney function in marathoners during the training season and after a marathon race. Nine male runners were investigated during 12 weeks of training. Urine was collected in four moments; in the beginning (C1) and during (C2) the training program, before (C3) and after (C4) the competition. Urine pH was measured using reagent tapes, urine density with a refractometer, protein excretion by Bradford assay and erythrocytes and leucocytes by microscopy. Changes were observed when C-4 was compared to the other collection times for all variables investigated. It is possible to conclude that physical exertion induced important changes in the hydration status and glomerular membrane selectivity to macromolecules, modifying the kidney function of the marathoners in C4.
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Knechtle B, Knechtle R, Stiefel M, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Variables that influence Ironman triathlon performance - what changed in the last 35 years? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:277-90. [PMID: 26346992 PMCID: PMC4556299 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s85310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes findings for Ironman triathlon performance and intends to determine potential predictor variables for Ironman race performance in female and male triathletes. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms "Ironman", "triathlon", and "performance". All resulting articles were searched for related citations. RESULTS Age, previous experience, sex, training, origin, anthropometric and physiological characteristics, pacing, and performance in split disciplines were predictive. Differences exist between the sexes for anthropometric characteristics. The most important predictive variables for a fast Ironman race time were age of 30-35 years (women and men), a fast personal best time in Olympic distance triathlon (women and men), a fast personal best time in marathon (women and men), high volume and high speed in training where high volume was more important than high speed (women and men), low body fat, low skin-fold thicknesses and low circumference of upper arm (only men), and origin from the United States of America (women and men). CONCLUSION These findings may help athletes and coaches to plan an Ironman triathlon career. Age and previous experience are important to find the right point in the life of a triathlete to switch from the shorter triathlon distances to the Ironman distance. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake with Ironman race time to investigate their potential predictive value and to investigate socio-economic aspects in Ironman triathlon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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