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da Silva JG, Aires ADL, da Cunha RX, do Monte TVS, Assis SPDO, de Oliveira RN, Souza TGDS, Chagas CA, Silva Neto JDC, de Araújo HDA, Lima VLDM. Anti-Hyperuricemic, Anti-Arthritic, Hemolytic Activity and Therapeutic Safety of Glycoconjugated Triazole-Phthalimides. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2537. [PMID: 37760978 PMCID: PMC10526838 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia, the metabolic alteration that leads to gout or gouty arthritis, is increasing worldwide. Glycoconjugated triazole-phthalimides show potent anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-hyperuricemia effect of glycoconjugated triazole-phthalimides. To develop hyperuricemia, groups of mice received orally potassium oxonate (250 mg/kg) for 7 days, and F2, F3 and F4 glycoconjugated triazole-phthalimides (20 mg/kg), allopurinol (300 mg/kg), and 1% carboxymethylcellulose; indomethacin (2 and 4 mg/kg) was the positive control for anti-arthritic effect. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were evaluated by the comet and micronucleus assays, respectively. The hemolytic action of the compounds was evaluated. Phthalimides F2, F3 and F4 significantly reduced the levels of serum uric acid, creatinine and urea in hyperuricemic animals. In addition, the compounds were efficient in reducing protein denaturation in a dose-dependent manner. In an interesting way, the histopathological analysis of kidneys from groups treated with F2, F3 and F4 showed a glomerular architecture, with the Bowman's capsule and renal tubules having a normal appearance and without inflammatory changes. Also, F2 and F4 showed a small increase in micronuclei, indicating a low mutagenic effect, whilst by comet assay only, we could infer that F4 affected the frequency and damage index, thus indicating a very small genotoxic action. Similarly, the phthalimides showed a low degree of erythrocyte hemolysis (<3%). Our data demonstrate that the new glycoconjugate triazole-phthalimides have potential to treat hyperuricemia and its secondary complications, such as gouty arthritis, with a low to non-significant rate of erythrocytes hemolysis, genotoxicity and mutagenicity making these molecules strong candidates as pharmaceutical agents for treatment requiring uric-acid-lowering therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Guedes da Silva
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Medicina de Garanhuns (FAMEG), Garanhuns 55297-654, PE, Brazil
| | - André de Lima Aires
- Centro de Ciências Médicas—Área Acadêmica de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Rebeca Xavier da Cunha
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Talyta Valéria Siqueira do Monte
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Shalom Pôrto de Oliveira Assis
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Ciências Ambientais (NPCIAMB), Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco (UNICAP), Recife 50050-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Ronaldo Nascimento de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Síntese de Compostos Bioativos (LSCB), Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Talita Giselly dos Santos Souza
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória (CAV), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (T.G.d.S.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Cristiano Aparecido Chagas
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fármacos, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória (CAV), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil; (T.G.d.S.S.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Jacinto da Costa Silva Neto
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Citológicas e Moleculares (LPCM), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
| | - Vera Lúcia de Menezes Lima
- Laboratório de Lipídeos e Aplicações de Biomoléculas em Doenças Prevalentes e Negligenciadas (LAB—DPN), Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, PE, Brazil;
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Guillen PO, Jaramillo KB, Genta-Jouve G, Thomas OP. Marine natural products from zoantharians: bioactivity, biosynthesis, systematics, and ecological roles. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:515-540. [DOI: 10.1039/c9np00043g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dazzling marine zoantharians represent a reservoir of chemical diversity that remains to be unveiled. These fragile animals have so far been found to harbour the highly bioactive palytoxins or zoanthamines but also the harmless ecdysteroids or zoanthozanthins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O. Guillen
- Marine Biodiscovery
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute
- National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway)
- H91 TK33 Galway
- Ireland
| | - Karla B. Jaramillo
- ESPOL Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL
- Centro Nacional de Acuacultura e Investigaciones Marinas
- Guayaquil
- Ecuador
- Zoology
| | - Grégory Genta-Jouve
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (UMR 7245)
- Sorbonne Universités
- CNRS
- Paris
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute
- National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway)
- H91 TK33 Galway
- Ireland
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Krishnan S, Chakraborty K. Functional Properties of Ethyl Acetate-methanol Extract of Commonly Edible Molluscs. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2019.1638857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Krishnan
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka State, India
| | - Kajal Chakraborty
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka State, India
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Samie S, Trollope KM, Joubert LM, Makunga NP, Volschenk H. The antifungal and Cryptococcus neoformans virulence attenuating activity of Pelargonium sidoides extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:122-132. [PMID: 30738119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Limitations of clinical antifungal treatments and drug-resistance are drivers of the search for novel antifungal strategies. Extracts prepared from the tubers of the medicinal plant, Pelargonium sidoides, are known for their antiviral and antibacterial activities and are used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of acute respiratory infections. Their impact on fungi has not been well characterised. Here, we provide a first report on the antifungal activity of a P. sidoides aerial tissue extract against Cryptococcus neoformans as well as the effects of both tuber and aerial tissue extracts on selected virulence factors. AIM OF THE STUDY Novel antimicrobial strategies that target multiple cellular pathways or make use of anti-pathogenic compounds that inhibit virulence factors have been proposed. This work aimed to evaluate P. sidoides plant parts for their anticryptococcal activity and antipathogenic properties on selected virulence factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antifungal activity of crude P. sidoides tuber and aerial tissue extracts (15% m/m ethanol) were compared using a modified colourimetric antifungal susceptibility test. Fungicidal activity of the extracts was confirmed by plate counts. To test yeast resistance to the extracts, it was conditioned by multiple passages in sub-lethal doses followed by antifungal susceptibility testing. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested with a blood agar haemolysis assay. Extracts were evaluated for the presence of multiple bioactive compounds by solid-phase fractionation and visualisation by thin-layer chromatography in combination with bioassays. The influence of extracts on the production of the polysaccharide capsule, ergosterol content as well as laccase and urease activities were also evaluated. Cell surface variations after extract exposure were visualised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Both tuber and aerial tissue extracts were fungicidal and contained multiple bioactive compounds which constrained the development of antifungal resistance. No haemolytic activity was observed, and the extracts did not appear to target ergosterol biosynthesis. However, the extracts displayed anti-pathogenic potential by significantly inhibiting laccase and urease activity while also significantly reducing capsule size. SEM revealed notable cell surface variations and provided support for the observed reduction in capsule size. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide support to the exploration of medicinal plants as sources of alternative antifungal therapies and the potential use of multicomponent inhibition and or virulence attenuation for next-generation treatment strategies. Our data also provide relevant information that may support the further use of P. sidoides in traditional medicines as well as in commercialised phytopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakier Samie
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Kim M Trollope
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Lydia-Marié Joubert
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Nokwanda P Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Heinrich Volschenk
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
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Sicińska P. Di-n-butyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate and their metabolites induce haemolysis and eryptosis in human erythrocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:44-53. [PMID: 29605748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been extensively used as plasticizers in various fields, including food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry. Those compounds do not form covalent bonds to substances they are being added to, and thus they may migrate easily and penetrate various products used every day. They may reach organisms with air, food, or by a direct skin contact. Significant levels of phthalates and their metabolites are found in urine, breast milk, blood serum, venous blood, and cord blood. The purpose of this study was to assess the simple toxicity (haemolysis) and programmed death (eryptosis) caused by following phthalates: di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) and their metabolites: mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) in vitro in human RBCs. RBCs were incubated with the above mentioned compounds at concentrations ranging between 0.5 and 500 μg/mL for 24 h. Obtained results demonstrated that DBP and BBP possess higher haemolytic properties compared to their metabolites. The lethal concentration (LC50) was determined. The value was 126.37 ± 5.94 μg/mL for DBP, and 103.65 ± 4.03 μg/mL for BBP, and for metabolites the LC50 value was over 500 μg/mL. All compounds induced eryptosis causing translocation of phosphatidylserine, increased cytosolic calcium ions level, increased caspase-3 and calpain activation in human erythrocytes. BBP caused translocation of phosphatidylserine at a lower concentration compared to DBP. In case of other parameters, more pronounced changes were evoked by DBP at lower concentrations. Metabolites showed a significantly lower toxicity compared to parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sicińska
- Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz., Pomorska 141/143 St. 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Hemolytic, anticancer and antigiardial activity of Palythoa caribaeorum venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:12. [PMID: 29692802 PMCID: PMC5905176 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cnidarian venoms and extracts have shown a broad variety of biological activities including cytotoxic, antibacterial and antitumoral effects. Most of these studied extracts were obtained from sea anemones or jellyfish. The present study aimed to determine the toxic activity and assess the antitumor and antiparasitic potential of Palythoa caribaeorum venom by evaluating its in vitro toxicity on several models including human tumor cell lines and against the parasite Giardia intestinalis. Methods The presence of cytolysins and vasoconstrictor activity of P. caribaeorum venom were determined by hemolysis, PLA2 and isolated rat aortic ring assays, respectively. The cytotoxic effect was tested on HCT-15 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma), MCF-7 (human mammary adenocarcinoma), K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia), U251 (human glyoblastoma), PC-3 (human prostatic adenocarcinoma) and SKLU-1 (human lung adenocarcinoma). An in vivo toxicity assay was performed with crickets and the antiparasitic assay was performed against G. intestinalis at 24 h of incubation. Results P. caribaeorum venom produced hemolytic and PLA2 activity and showed specific cytotoxicity against U251 and SKLU-1 cell lines, with approximately 50% growing inhibition. The venom was toxic to insects and showed activity against G. intestinalis in a dose-dependent manner by possibly altering its membrane osmotic equilibrium. Conclusion These results suggest that P. caribaeorum venom contains compounds with potential therapeutic value against microorganisms and cancer.
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Guarnieri MC, de Albuquerque Modesto JC, Pérez CD, Ottaiano TF, Ferreira RDS, Batista FP, de Brito MV, Campos IHMP, Oliva MLV. Zoanthid mucus as new source of useful biologically active proteins. Toxicon 2018; 143:96-107. [PMID: 29360533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Palythoa caribaeorum is a very common colonial zoanthid in the coastal reefs of Brazil. It is known for its massive production of mucus, which is traditionally used in folk medicine by fishermen in northeastern Brazil. This study identified biologically active compounds in P. caribaerum mucus. Crude mucus was collected during low tides by the manual scraping of colonies; samples were maintained in an ice bath, homogenized, and centrifuged at 16,000 g for 1 h at 4 °C; the supernatant (mucus) was kept at -80 °C until use. The enzymatic (proteolytic and phospholipase A2), inhibitory (metallo, cysteine and serine proteases), and hemagglutinating (human erythrocyte) activities were determined. The results showed high levels of cysteine and metallo proteases, intermediate levels of phosholipase A2, low levels of trypsin, and no elastase and chymotrypsin like activities. The mucus showed potent inhibitory activity on snake venom metalloproteases and cysteine proteinase papain. In addition, it showed agglutinating activity towards O+, B+, and A+ erythrocyte types. The hemostatic results showed that the mucus prolongs the aPTT and PT, and strongly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, collagen, epinephrine, ADP, and thrombin. The antimicrobial activity was tested on 15 strains of bacteria and fungi through the radial diffusion assay in agar, and no activity was observed. Compounds in P. caribaeorum mucus were analyzed for the first time in this study, and our results show potential pharmacological activities in these compounds, which are relevant for use in physiopathological investigations. However, the demonstration of these activities indicates caution in the use of crude mucus in folk medicine. Furthermore, the present or absent activities identified in this mucus suggest that the studied P. caribaeorum colonies were in thermal stress conditions at the time of sample collection; these conditions may precede the bleaching process in zoanthids. Hence, the use of mucus as an indicator of this process should be evaluated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Camargo Guarnieri
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego 1235, CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil; Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jeanne Claíne de Albuquerque Modesto
- Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, CEP 55608-680, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Daniel Pérez
- Vitória Academic Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório, s/n, CEP 55608-680, Bela Vista, Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Fontes Ottaiano
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo da Silva Ferreira
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Pereira Batista
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marlon Vilela de Brito
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ikaro Henrique Mendes Pinto Campos
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego 1235, CEP 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Três de maio 100, CEP 04044-020, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Liao Q, Li S, Siu SWI, Yang B, Huang C, Chan JYW, Morlighem JÉRL, Wong CTT, Rádis-Baptista G, Lee SMY. Novel Kunitz-like Peptides Discovered in the Zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum through Transcriptome Sequencing. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:891-902. [PMID: 29285938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Palythoa caribaeorum (class Anthozoa) is a zoanthid that together jellyfishes, hydra, and sea anemones, which are venomous and predatory, belongs to the Phyllum Cnidaria. The distinguished feature in these marine animals is the cnidocytes in the body tissues, responsible for toxin production and injection that are used majorly for prey capture and defense. With exception for other anthozoans, the toxin cocktails of zoanthids have been scarcely studied and are poorly known. Here, on the basis of the analysis of P. caribaeorum transcriptome, numerous predicted venom-featured polypeptides were identified including allergens, neurotoxins, membrane-active, and Kunitz-like peptides (PcKuz). The three predicted PcKuz isotoxins (1-3) were selected for functional studies. Through computational processing comprising structural phylogenetic analysis, molecular docking, and dynamics simulation, PcKuz3 was shown to be a potential voltage gated potassium-channel inhibitor. PcKuz3 fitted well as new functional Kunitz-type toxins with strong antilocomotor activity as in vivo assessed in zebrafish larvae, with weak inhibitory effect toward proteases, as evaluated in vitro. Notably, PcKuz3 can suppress, at low concentration, the 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity on the locomotive behavior of zebrafish, which indicated PcKuz3 may have a neuroprotective effect. Taken together, PcKuz3 figures as a novel neurotoxin structure, which differs from known homologous peptides expressed in sea anemone. Moreover, the novel PcKuz3 provides an insightful hint for biodrug development for prospective neurodegenerative disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Étienne R L Morlighem
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
| | | | - Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute for Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará , Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil
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Low MEY, Sinniger F, Reimer JD. The order Zoantharia Rafinesque, 1815 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa: Hexacorallia): supraspecific classification and nomenclature. Zookeys 2016:1-80. [PMID: 28138291 PMCID: PMC5240348 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.641.10346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many supraspecific zoantharian names have long and complicated histories. The present list is provided to advise researchers on the current state of supraspecific nomenclature of the zoantharians, particularly given the recent attention paid to the taxonomy, phylogeny, and biodiversity of this order. At the same time, several taxonomic issues brought to light by recent research are resolved. Details on the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of most groups are provided, along with appendices of invalid supraspecific names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn E Y Low
- Lee Kong Chian Museum of Natural History, National University of Singapore, 2 Conservatory Drive, Singapore 117377, Republic of Singapore; former address: Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Frederic Sinniger
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
| | - James Davis Reimer
- Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology (MISE) Laboratory, Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; and Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Activity of Palythoa caribaeorum Venom on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Mammalian Superior Cervical Ganglion Neurons. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050135. [PMID: 27164140 PMCID: PMC4885050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zoanthids are an order of cnidarians whose venoms and toxins have been poorly studied. Palythoa caribaeorum is a zoanthid commonly found around the Mexican coastline. In this study, we tested the activity of P. caribaeorum venom on voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV1.7), voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2), the A-type transient outward (IA) and delayed rectifier (IDR) currents of KV channels of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons of the rat. These results showed that the venom reversibly delays the inactivation process of voltage-gated sodium channels and inhibits voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels in this mammalian model. The compounds responsible for these effects seem to be low molecular weight peptides. Together, these results provide evidence for the potential use of zoanthids as a novel source of cnidarian toxins active on voltage-gated ion channels.
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