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Xue B, Johnson AK. Sensitization of Hypertension: The Impact of Earlier Life Challenges: Excellence Award for Hypertension Research 2021. Hypertension 2023; 80:1-12. [PMID: 36069195 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.18550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension affects over 1 billion individuals worldwide. Because the cause of hypertension is known only in a small fraction of patients, most individuals with high blood pressure are diagnosed as having essential hypertension. Elevated sympathetic nervous system activity has been identified in a large portion of hypertensive patients. However, the root cause for this sympathetic overdrive is unknown. A more complete understanding of the breadth of the functional capabilities of the sympathetic nervous system may lead to new insights into the cause of essential hypertension. By employing a unique experimental paradigm, we have recently discovered that the neural network controlling sympathetic drive is more reactive after rats are exposed to mild challenges (stressors) and that the hypertensive response can be sensitized (ie, hypertensive response sensitization [HTRS]). We have also found that the induction of HTRS involves plasticity in the neural network controlling sympathetic drive. The induction and maintenance of the latent HTRS state also require the functional integrity of the brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the presence of several central inflammatory factors. In this review, we will discuss the induction and expression of HTRS in adult animals and in the progeny of mothers with prenatal obesity/overnutrition or with maternal gestational hypertension. Also, interventions that reverse the effects of stressor-induced HTRS will be reviewed. Understanding the mechanisms underlying HTRS and identifying the beneficial effects of maternal or offspring early-life interventions that prevent or reverse the sensitized state can provide insights into therapeutic strategies for interrupting the vicious cycle of transgenerational hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (B.X., A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City.,Neuroscience and Pharmacology (A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City.,Health and Human Physiology (A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City.,François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center (A.K.J.), University of Iowa, Iowa City
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Macedo NCD, Iessi IL, Gallego FQ, Netto AO, Sinzato YK, Volpato GT, Zambrano E, Damasceno DC. Swimming Program on Mildly Diabetic Rats in Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:2223-2235. [PMID: 33515208 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to confirm if the moderate-intensity swimming has successful glycemic control and non-toxic oxidative stress levels and to verify the influence on pancreatic adaptations, embryo implantation, and placental efficiency. Female Wistar rats were randomly distributed to obtain mildly diabetic by streptozotocin induction at birth and the non-diabetic females given vehicle. At adulthood, pregnant rats were put at random into sedentary non-diabetic rats (ND); exercise non-diabetic rats (NDEx); sedentary diabetic rats (D); and exercise diabetic rats (DEx). The rats of the groups submitted to moderate intensity carried loads equivalent to 4% of body weight. On day 17 of gestational day, all rats were submitted to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Next day (GD18), the rats were anesthetized and killed to count implantation sites and to collect placentas, blood, and muscle samples for biochemical biomarkers and pancreas for immunohistochemical analysis. The moderate exercise used was not sufficient to stimulate the aerobic pathway but presented positive results on glucose metabolism, lower embryo postimplantation loss, and pancreatic morphology compared with the sedentary diabetic group. However, the DEx group showed muscular damage, decreased antioxidant defense, and lipid peroxidation. Thus, the moderate-intensity exercise reduces glycemic levels during OGTT and causes no damage to non-diabetic rats related to other analyzed parameters in this study. The exercised diabetic rats present better glycemic metabolism in OGTT, islet pancreatic morphology, and embryofetal development. However, it is necessary an adjustment in this exercise intensity to improve the effectiveness of aerobic training for reduction of maternal muscular and lipid membrane damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália C D Macedo
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Program on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, SÃO Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Isabela L Iessi
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Program on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, SÃO Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Franciane Q Gallego
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Program on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, SÃO Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Aline O Netto
- Southwest Paulista University Center (Unifsp), Itapetininga, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Yuri K Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Program on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, SÃO Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Cuidad de México, México
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Program on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, SÃO Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Soares TS, Moraes-Souza RQ, Carneiro TB, Araujo-Silva VC, Schavinski AZ, Gratão TB, Damasceno DC, Volpato GT. Maternal-fetal outcomes of exercise applied in rats with mild hyperglycemia after embryonic implantation. Birth Defects Res 2020; 113:287-298. [PMID: 33058545 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is commonly recommended to control hyperglycemia, including during pregnancy. We conducted this study to understand the potential benefits and risks of exercise during pregnancy of women with diabetes. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of swimming on a diabetic rat during pregnancy and assayed maternal-fetal parameters. METHODS Diabetes was induced in the female newborn from Wistar rats by the streptozotocin administration on first postnatal day. At 110 days of life, after confirm mild symptoms of diabetes, the rats were mated and randomly distributed into four experimental groups (minimum of 13 animals/group): Control (C)-nondiabetic animals without swimming; Control and Exercise (CEx)-nondiabetic animals submitted to swimming; Mild Diabetic (MD)-diabetic animals without swimming; Mild Diabetic and Exercise (MDEx)-diabetic animals submitted to swimming. The swimming program was performed from day 7 to 21 of pregnancy. Maternal parameters were evaluated during the pregnancy period. On day 21 of pregnancy, the rats were sacrificed and maternal and fetal parameters analyzed. RESULTS There are no alterations in body weight, food consumption, water intake, and reproductive outcomes among the groups. The swimming program did not normalize maternal glycemia and other biochemical biomarkers. The diabetes and exercise combination increased organ weight. The fetuses born to these exercising diabetic rats had reduced fetal weight and increased skeletal anomalies (mainly incomplete ossification of sternebra). CONCLUSION The intense swimming exercise imposed on female rats during pregnancy impaired maternal metabolic repercussions, contributing to intrauterine growth restriction and fetal skeletal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaigra S Soares
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Rafaianne Q Moraes-Souza
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Thalita B Carneiro
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Araujo-Silva
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Aline Z Schavinski
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Thamires B Gratão
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo T Volpato
- Laboratory of General Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, University Center of Araguaia, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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