Entrepreneurship and Nursing: integrative review

Challenging the status quo through nursing entrepreneurship education: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Entrepreneurship education is commonly incorporated into areas beyond nursing. However, advocating for curricular changes is necessary in a generation that seeks new learning styles and has different preferences and needs. Entrepreneurship has been identified as a valuable subject to be incorporated into nursing education, as it aligns with the foundational principles of Nursing as a science.

AIM

To examine the state of knowledge regarding the entrepreneurship education of undergraduate nursing students.

DESIGN

A scoping review was conducted following JBI and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.

METHODS

The searches were performed on July 19th, 2023, in MEDLINE via PubMed; ISI Web of Science; EBSCOhost CINAHL; Embase; Scopus; BVShost LILACS; and ProQuest. Grey literature was searched on Google Scholar. Records examining the entrepreneurship education of nursing students were included.

RESULTS

The searches resulted in 17 records, 15 of which were from databases and two of which were identified via other methods. Although entrepreneurship education has increased over the years, the incorporation of diverse teaching modalities as a transformative and innovative educational strategy is still not a reality for many undergraduate nursing students worldwide. The findings highlight that entrepreneurship education is incorporated theoretically into mandatory courses with curricular components related to administration and health services management.

CONCLUSIONS

Entrepreneurship education can pivot nursing education and drive change in educational strategy while maintaining the fundamentals of nursing education. With entrepreneurship education, nursing students envision professional identity values, such as leadership, critical thinking, and political development. When understanding their political role, nursing students can exercise leadership to think critically outside the box and challenge the status quo.

Defining nursing entrepreneurship from the point of view of future professionals: A qualitative study

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship comprises the development of novel projects, products, and strategies, both from a business perspective and in the context of nursing care. Despite ongoing debate as to whether entrepreneurship should be considered a distinct academic discipline, this subject remains largely unexplored within the health sciences. There is a paucity of published work examining whether entrepreneurship constitutes a specific competence and what nurses and nursing students understand by entrepreneurship. This study aims to identify, on the basis of the beliefs of nursing students from different countries, what entrepreneurship in nursing is. Based on these responses, a definition of entrepreneurship in nursing that responds to society's current needs is proposed.

METHODOLOGY

Qualitative descriptive methods were employed to gather insights from first- and second-year students across four nursing faculties: two located in Colombia, one in Peru, and one in Spain. The students were tasked with defining entrepreneurship within the nursing context. This inquiry was posed at the outset of the educational sessions on entrepreneurship, ensuring that the students had no preexisting information. The responses were collected using the digital platform Mentimeter, which allowed the students to submit their answers via mobile devices. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 160 written responses were received, analyzed, and categorised by the research team. Finally, 24 codes were obtained, which were grouped into 5 main themes: Healthcare and patient support, Innovation in nursing, Continuous professional improvement, nurses' contributions to society, and own project development.

CONCLUSION

Drawing from the experiences and beliefs of nursing students, entrepreneurship is characterized as the ability to innovate, conduct research, and advance scientific knowledge, thereby achieving continuous improvement in care while engaging with environmental and societal contexts.

University innovation and start-ups: Barriers and facilitators experienced by nursing faculties - A content analysis study

AIM

University start-ups have gained significant popularity as a means of translating knowledge and research into practical applications. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the experiences and perspectives of nursing faculties engaged in start-up ventures. The objective of this study was to explore valuable insights into the barriers and facilitators within this context for promoting success, generating entrepreneurial attitudes, as well as enhancing the sustainability of nursing faculty-led start-ups.

DESIGN

We employed a content analysis methodology to capture the real-life experiences of nursing faculties involved in university start-ups. This approach is an effective way to gain a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

METHODS

Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Graneheim and Lundman's step was used for analysis and to identify recurring patterns and themes within the collected data. Sampling was done purposefully, with convenience and snowball techniques until data saturation. The MAXQDA version 10 software was utilised to easily analyse, code and present data.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed four major themes encompassed: motivational factors, personal attributes, limited entry support and barriers to scaling. These themes shed light on factors, support systems, challenges faced during growth as well as personal characteristics highlighted by the participants. Our study highlighted the factors influencing entrepreneurship in nursing faculties. Addressing the challenges of this study requires enhancing support systems and fostering personal development for entrepreneurial success in healthcare innovation. Policymakers can promote university education to expand the entrepreneurship process using more facilities and make more services accessible.

Construction and validation of an Entrepreneurship Measurement Instrument for nursing students

Objective

To develop a valid and reliable scale to measure entrepreneurship competences of nursing students, by assessing the level of development of diverse entrepreneurship dimensions.

Methods

An Entrepreneurship Measurement Instrument, Catalonia (IME.Cat) was constructed, by adapting two existing instruments, and a psychometric study was performed to address the validity of the content and the construct, and the reliability. The internal consistency and the discrimination capacity of the instrument's items were examined.

Results

The IME.Cat scale showed a high reliability (α=0.89) for the complete set of items. The Cronbach's α value of the individual dimensions were: Problem management=0.78; Creativity=0.76; Personal confidence =0.64; and Risk acceptance =0.46. The corrected homogeneity indices for each of the item in the instrument were high (>0.40). The Confirmatory Factorial Analysis validated the proposed structure of the items according to dimension.

Conclusion

The IME.Cat scale showed solid psychometric values for assessing the entrepreneurship competences of nursing students within its dimensions, which are fundamental for the professional development of nursing.

Technological prospecting of patents related to monitoring accidents due to falls in hospitals

OBJECTIVES

to map the production of technologies aimed at monitoring falls in a hospital environment protected by registered patents.

METHODS

a technological prospecting of international patents, with a quantitative approach, with search carried out between February and March 2022 in the Derwent Innovations Index database with descriptors fall, hospital, monitoring.

RESULTS

212 patents were found, with the majority filed and published since 2010, by Tran B (9) and Cerner Innovation Inc (9), focused on health technology. Universities were responsible for 13% of deposits. There was a predominance of records from the United States (43.4%), China (21.7%) and Japan (12.3%), in addition to technological strategies classified as devices for the environment (80.7%) and for preventing falls (66.5%) as well as trend towards resources with multiple functionalities in the same technology.

CONCLUSIONS

the plurality of functions in the same device reflects the search for optimizing resources and the concern with comprehensive care.

Process of building an entrepreneurial career in Nursing

OBJECTIVE

To learn about the experiences of nurse entrepreneurs in building their careers and business trajectories.

METHOD

A descriptive and exploratory, qualitative study carried out with nurse entrepreneurs, recruited using the snowball technique. Interviews were conducted via Skype and audio-recorded between June and July 2021, which were transcribed and subjected to content analysis.

RESULTS

15 nurses participated. Three thematic axes were identified: "Entrepreneurship in nursing with the use of technologies", which presented niches of activity and the use of technologies; "Desire to innovate even with fear of the new", which reports feelings and motivations related to entrepreneurship, especially innovation; and "What nurses need to know before starting a business", which presents the risks and benefits of entrepreneurship, as well as the skills needed by entrepreneurs.

CONCLUSION

The entrepreneurial experience presents challenges for nurses. Thus, encouraging knowledge about entrepreneurship makes it possible to strengthen autonomy and gain new opportunities in nursing.

An Examination of Self-Employed Nursing Regulation in Three Canadian Provinces

The COVID-19 pandemic and its related stresses such as short-staffing, heavy workloads, and burnout are prompting nurses to re-consider institutional employment, bringing a renewed interest in self-employed nursing and its regulation. There is limited research on the regulation of self-employed nursing roles, and published work focuses on nurses' experiences rather than on regulatory practices themselves. This qualitative case study research aimed to examine the regulation of self-employed nurses by comparing the regulatory policies and processes of nursing regulatory bodies in Ontario, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. The findings demonstrated wide variation in the regulation of self-employed nurses across these jurisdictions. The article includes recommendations to clarify and harmonize the processes used to regulate self-employed nurses.

Teaching entrepreneurship in undergraduate Nursing course: evaluation of an educational proposal

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate a proposal for teaching entrepreneurship in an undergraduate Nursing course that uses active methodologies and activities based on the theory of meaningful learning.

METHODS

Interventional, prospective study, with a quantitative perspective, with a total of 102 participating students, carried out from July 2017 to December 2019 at a public university in the state of Sao Paulo. Statistical analysis were performed by non-parametric Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with differences considered statistically significant if p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Improvements were observed in almost all items evaluated, revealing that meaningful learning became more effective with the use of active teaching methodologies. Most students need adaptation and effort to be put into these methods.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposal offers pedagogical content adaptation, specifically for nursing students. New research should expand teaching-learning techniques for the development of future nurses, preparing them adequately for the job market.

Ensino de empreendedorismo na graduação de Enfermagem: avaliação de proposta educacional

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar proposta de ensino de empreendedorismo em curso de graduação em Enfermagem que utiliza metodologias ativas e atividades fundamentadas na Teoria de Aprendizagem Significativa. Métodos: Estudo intervencional, prospectivo, com perspectiva quantitativa, com 102 estudantes participantes, realizado de julho de 2017 a dezembro de 2019, em universidade pública do Estado de São Paulo. Análise estatística realizada por testes não paramétricos Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher, com diferenças consideradas estatisticamente significativas se p < 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se melhoria em quase todos os itens avaliados, revelando que a aprendizagem significativa tornou-se mais eficaz com utilização de metodologias ativas de ensino; a maioria dos alunos necessita de adaptação e esforço a ser empreendido nesses métodos. Conclusões. A proposta oferece adaptação pedagógica de conteúdos específica para estudantes de Enfermagem. Novas pesquisas devem ampliar técnicas de ensino-aprendizagem para desenvolvimento dos futuros enfermeiros, preparando-os adequadamente para o mercado de trabalho.

Nursing care as a systemic and entrepreneurial phenomenon

The objective is to produce a critical-reflexivity analysis of nursing care, from the perspective of complexity thinking and social entrepreneurship. Theoretical-reflective study, supported by the framework of complexity thinking and social entrepreneurship. The main characteristics that lead and support nursing care are analyzed from a systemic-entrepreneurial perspective. A parallel is conceived between vertical care, design from a hierarchical structure and nursing care in the systemic-entrepreneurial perspective, which leads to singularity, originality, circularity, complementarity and interactivity. The centrality of nursing care is reaffirmed as a tangible social good or not. Theoretical reflection on nursing care as a systemic and entrepreneurial phenomenon raises a unique and multidimensional perception of the human being/user, health, the nursing work process, in order to achieve an increasingly agile, dynamic, circular, complementary and interdependent care.

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in the context of postgraduate nursing

OBJECTIVE

To understand entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in the context of postgraduate nursing.

METHOD

Qualitative study based on Grounded Theory. The theoretical sample consisted of 15 master's and doctoral students and seven professors from a postgraduate nursing program at a university in southern Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted between August/2018 and February/2019 in a location defined by the participants, in general the University. The data were collected and analyzed simultaneously by initial and focused coding.

RESULTS

Three categories and 11 subcategories emerged that, interrelated, represented the phenomenon "Glimpsing entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in postgraduate nursing".

CONCLUSION

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education, in the context of postgraduate nursing, were understood as incipient and promising processes. In this sense, it is necessary to intensify studies to demonstrate the entrepreneurial possibilities of the area.

Predictive Models for Nurses' Entrepreneurial Intentions Using Comparison of Competing Models

There is a need to introduce predictive models of nurses' entrepreneurial intentions that can identify which variables will promote entrepreneurship among nurses. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing nurses' entrepreneurial intentions. We performed a systematic review and developed prediction models using factors identified and validated in a meta-analysis. Moreover, we individually tested and compared three models based on: (1) the Theory of Planned Behavior, (2) a meta-analysis, and (3) a combination of the two. Data from 386 nurses were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 for Windows and AMOS 21.0. The squared multiple correlation statistics of Models 1, 2, and 3 were 54.3%, 35.8%, and 60.0%, respectively. Model 3 provided a better explanation of nurses' entrepreneurial intentions. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, entrepreneurial orientation, and need for entrepreneurship education are the most important variables to strengthen the entrepreneurial intention of nurses. The results of this study can be used as a theoretical model to explain nurse entrepreneurship intentions. In addition, these findings offer a useful resource for constructing a start-up curriculum within nursing colleges that fosters prospective nursing entrepreneurs.

Entrepreneurial Nursing interventions for the social emancipation of women in recycling

ABSTRACT Objective: To implement and signify entrepreneurial interventions in Nursing, with a view to the social emancipation of women working in an Association of Recyclable Materials. Method: Action-research with an intervention process based on an action alluding to Mother’s Day, carried out in a pandemic period, with the participation of 28 women from a Recycling Association. Results: The reflexive thematic analysis, which enabled the systematic recording of ideas, insights and the meanings of the intervention, gave rise to two categories: From apparent isolation to professional reinvention and from invisibility to dignity and the feeling of social equality. Conclusion: The interventions carried out in an Association of Recyclable Materials in a pandemic period provided, for its female workers, a sense of life, survival, dignity and empowerment, when they expected little or nothing. Enabling a social identity for the women of a Recycling Association implies, in short, overcoming linear interventions focused on assistance.

O cuidado de enfermagem como fenômeno sistêmico e empreendedor

The objective is to produce a critical-reflexivity analysis of nursing care, from the perspective of complexity thinking and social entrepreneurship. Theoretical-reflective study, supported by the framework of complexity thinking and social entrepreneurship. The main characteristics that lead and support nursing care are analyzed from a systemic-entrepreneurial perspective. A parallel is conceived between vertical care, design from a hierarchical structure and nursing care in the systemic-entrepreneurial perspective, which leads to singularity, originality, circularity, complementarity and interactivity. The centrality of nursing care is reaffirmed as a tangible social good or not. Theoretical reflection on nursing care as a systemic and entrepreneurial phenomenon raises a unique and multidimensional perception of the human being/user, health, the nursing work process, in order to achieve an increasingly agile, dynamic, circular, complementary and interdependent care.

Empreendedorismo e educação empreendedora no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender o empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem. Método Estudo qualitativo, do tipo Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. A amostragem teórica foi composta por 15 estudantes de mestrado e doutorado e sete docentes de um programa de pós-graduação em enfermagem de uma Universidade do sul do Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais entre agosto/2018 e fevereiro/2019 em local definido pelos participantes, em geral a Universidade. Os dados foram coletados e analisados simultaneamente por codificação inicial e focalizada. Resultados Emergiram três categorias e 11 subcategorias que, interrelacionadas, representaram o fenômeno “Vislumbrando o empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora na pós-graduação em enfermagem”. Conclusão O empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora, no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem, foram compreendidos como processos incipientes e promissores. Nesse sentido, é preciso que se intensifiquem estudos para demostrar as possibilidades empreendedoras da área.

Entrepreneurship and nurse entrepreneurs lead the way to the development of nurses' role and professional identity in clinical practice: A qualitative study

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To explore the experiences and perspectives of nurses' transition into entrepreneurship in a clinical and cultural nursing setting and the impact of entrepreneurship on the nurses' role and professional identity.

BACKGROUND

Entrepreneurship is a relatively unknown phenomenon in international nursing research, and the prevalence of entrepreneurial nurses is only 0.5-1% of all working nurses globally. Unfortunately, several barriers occur within the healthcare system and existing nursing culture that may affect the potential of bringing entrepreneurship into the nursing profession.

DESIGN

The qualitative study used a phenomenological-hermeneutical approach based on an interpretative phenomenological analysis and COREQ-guided reporting.

METHODS

Nine individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted face to face (n = 6) and by telephone (n = 3) with Danish nurse entrepreneurs between February and March 2019.

RESULTS

The analysis revealed four themes: (a) prejudice towards entrepreneurship; (b) to become an entrepreneur in a nursing culture; (c) rebellion against the traditional role as employee and (d) challenged professional identity and new professional roles.

CONCLUSION

Nurse entrepreneurs are caught between traditional and new ways of viewing nursing identity, norms, values and roles, and they face a conflict of professional values and a stereotyped view of 'real' nursing. Our findings show that entrepreneurship entails a huge learning process that develops nurses' ability to think outside the box in a broader health perspective and challenge the existing nursing culture and role. However, nurse entrepreneurs' ability to engage in entrepreneurship is compromised by professional values, the duty to behave as a good nurse and their own prejudices towards entrepreneurs.

IMPACT

Entrepreneurship and nurse entrepreneurs pose a huge potential development of the nursing role and identity, as they challenge the current view on the nursing profession. This development is important for patients and health professionals, as future health challenges call for new ways of thinking and acting.

Entrepreneurial tendency of Nursing students: a comparison between graduating beginners and undergraduate students

Objective:

to compare the entrepreneurial tendency between beginner and graduating students from undergraduate Nursing courses.

Method:

this is a cross-sectional and quantitative research study. Data was collected from 377 Nursing students from four undergraduate Nursing courses in different Brazilian regions, 162 of them in first year and 215 in last year. Data was collected by means of a social and academic characterization form and the General Entrepreneurial Tendency Test. Data analysis was conducted by means of descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results:

the scores of the beginner students were below the mean in all dimensions of the instrument. The senior year students were above the test mean in the Impulse and determination dimension. A statistically significant difference was identified in relation to the course period and to the entrepreneurial tendency in the following dimensions: Need for achievement (p=0.001) and Impulse and determination (p=0.000).

Conclusion:

the results indicate the importance of investment by universities in the development of an entrepreneurial culture in higher education in Nursing.

Profile and entrepreneurial intention of nursing students: a comparison between Brazil and Chile

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify and compare factors associated with profile, intentions, motivations, and barriers to entrepreneurial behavior of nursing students from Brazil and Chile. Methods: this cross-sectional study was carried out between March and September 2018 including 889 nursing students. A form was used to assess the socio-demographic profile, professional claims, entrepreneurial intentions and motivations. Statistical analysis used Chi-Square and Fisher’s Exact tests, with a 5% significance level, and a simple logistic regression model. Results: there are significant differences between countries in the profile of students and in the motivations studied, but not in professional pretensions and entrepreneurial intentions. Lack of education on the subject reveals itself as an important barrier to entrepreneurship. Conclusion: given the lack of teaching entrepreneurship in undergraduate nursing courses and the characteristics inherent to students, education must be appropriate to different cultures to prepare future professionals for other areas of practice.