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Pathogen diversity, immunity, and the fate of infections: lessons learned from Trypanosoma cruzi human–host interactions. THE LANCET MICROBE 2022; 3:e711-e722. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Bosch-Nicolau P, Espinosa-Pereiro J, Salvador F, Sánchez-Montalvá A, Molina I. Association Between Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in Peripheral Blood and Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:787214. [PMID: 35174221 PMCID: PMC8841718 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.787214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most important complication of patients with Chagas disease (CD). The role of persistent detection of DNA in peripheral blood and its association to CCC is unknown. We performed a systematic review up to July 2021, including studies that reported ratios of CCC and PCR positivity among non-treated adult patients. We identified 749 records and selected 12 for inclusion corresponding to 1,686 patients. Eight studies were performed in endemic countries and 4 in non-endemic countries. Only two studies showed an association between CCC and Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia by means of PCR detection. Six studies reported greater positive PCR ratios among patients with CCC than in the patients with indeterminate chagas disease (ICD) with no statistical significance. A significant risk of bias has been detected among most of the studies. Therefore, while we performed a meta-analysis, wide inter-study heterogeneity impeded its interpretation.ConclusionsWith the available information, we could not establish a correlation between PCR-detectable parasitemia and CCC.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020216072, identifier: CRD42020216072.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Bosch-Nicolau
- Tropical Medicine & International Health Unit Vall d'Hebrón - Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Espinosa-Pereiro
- Tropical Medicine & International Health Unit Vall d'Hebrón - Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Tropical Medicine & International Health Unit Vall d'Hebrón - Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Montalvá
- Tropical Medicine & International Health Unit Vall d'Hebrón - Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Israel Molina
- Tropical Medicine & International Health Unit Vall d'Hebrón - Drassanes, Infectious Diseases Department, PROSICS Barcelona, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Israel Molina
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Nielebock MAP, de Freitas Campos Miranda L, Americano do Brasil PEA, de Jesus S Pereira TO, da Silva AF, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Sangenis LHC, Saraiva RM. Blood culture positivity rate for Trypanosoma cruzi in patients with chronic Chagas disease differs among different clinical forms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:720-725. [PMID: 33150435 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with chronic Chagas disease with and without positive blood cultures for Trypanosoma cruzi. METHODS This was a retrospective longitudinal study that included 139 patients with chronic Chagas disease who underwent blood culture for T. cruzi. Blood cultures were performed using Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle medium enriched with Schneider's medium. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusting for age and sex was performed to identify if positive blood culture for T. cruzi was associated with all-cause mortality. RESULTS The blood culture positivity rate was 30.9%. Most patients were born in the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil. Patients with positive blood cultures were older (52±13 vs 45±13 y; p=0.0009) and more frequently women (72.1% vs. 53.1%; p=0.03) than patients with negative blood cultures. The frequency of patients with cardiac or cardiodigestive forms was higher among patients with positive vs negative blood cultures (74.4% vs 54.1%; p=0.02). A total of 28 patients died during a mean follow-up time of 6.6±4.1 y. A positive blood culture was associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 2.26 [95% confidence interval 1.02 to 5.01], p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS We found a higher proportion of patients with Chagas heart disease among patients with T. cruzi-positive blood cultures. A positive blood culture was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality. Therefore T. cruzi persistence may influence Chagas disease pathogenesis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Prates Nielebock
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21040-900
| | - Luciana de Freitas Campos Miranda
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21040-900
| | | | | | - Aline Fagundes da Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21040-900
| | | | - Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21040-900
| | - Roberto Magalhães Saraiva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 21040-900
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Nielebock MAP, Moreira OC, Xavier SCDC, Miranda LDFC, de Lima ACB, Pereira TODJS, Hasslocher-Moreno AM, Britto C, Sangenis LHC, Saraiva RM. Association between Trypanosoma cruzi DTU TcII and chronic Chagas disease clinical presentation and outcome in an urban cohort in Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243008. [PMID: 33264350 PMCID: PMC7710061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specific roles of parasite characteristics and immunological factors of the host in Chagas disease progression and prognosis are still under debate. Trypanosoma cruzi genotype may be an important determinant of the clinical chronic Chagas disease form and prognosis. This study aimed to identify the potential association between T. cruzi genotypes and the clinical presentations of chronic Chagas disease. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This is a retrospective study using T. cruzi isolated from blood culture samples of 43 patients with chronic Chagas disease. From 43 patients, 42 were born in Brazil, mainly in Southeast and Northeast Brazilian regions, and one patient was born in Bolivia. Their mean age at the time of blood collection was 52.4±13.2 years. The clinical presentation was as follows 51.1% cardiac form, 25.6% indeterminate form, and 23.3% cardiodigestive form. Discrete typing unit (DTU) was determined by multilocus conventional PCR. TcII (n = 40) and TcVI (n = 2) were the DTUs identified. DTU was unidentifiable in one patient. The average follow-up time after blood culture was 5.7±4.4 years. A total of 14 patients (32.5%) died and one patient underwent heart transplantation. The cause of death was sudden cardiac arrest in six patients, heart failure in five patients, not related to Chagas disease in one patient, and ignored in two patients. A total of 8 patients (18.6%) progressed, all of them within the cardiac or cardiodigestive forms. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE TcII was the main T. cruzi DTU identified in chronic Chagas disease Brazilian patients (92.9%) with either cardiac, indeterminate or cardiodigestive forms, born at Southeast and Northeast regions. Other DTU found in much less frequency was TcVI (4.8%). TcII was also associated to patients that evolved with heart failure or sudden cardiac arrest, the two most common and ominous consequences of the cardiac form of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antonio Prates Nielebock
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Chagas Disease, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacílio C. Moreira
- Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Chagas Disease, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Chagas Disease, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Magalhães Saraiva
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Chagas Disease, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Novaes RD, Gonçalves RV. Letter to the editor: ‘Strategies to enhance access to diagnosis and treatment for Chagas disease patients in Latin America’. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:671-672. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1649140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Reggiani Vilela Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi in the central nervous system in non-human mammals: a systematic review. Parasitology 2019; 146:983-1005. [PMID: 30873928 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the types and distribution of the lesions induced in the central nervous system (CNS) by Trypanosoma cruzi remain unclear as the available evidence is based on fragmented data. Therefore, we developed a systematic review to analyse the main characteristics of the CNS lesions in non-human hosts infected. From a structured search on the PubMed/Medline and Scopus platforms, 32 studies were retrieved, subjected to data extraction and methodological bias analysis. Our results show that the most frequent alterations in the CNS are the presence of different forms of T. cruzi and intense lymphocytes infiltrates. The encephalon is the main target of T. cruzi, and inflammatory changes in the CNS are more frequent and severe in the acute phase of infection. The parasite's genotype and phenotype are associated with the tropism and severity of the CNS lesions. The methodological limitations found in the studies were divergences in inoculation pathways, under-reporting of animal age and weight, sample calculation strategies and histopathological characterization. Since the changes were dependent on the pathogenicity and virulence of the T. cruzi strains, the genotype and phenotype characterization of the parasite are extremely relevant to predict changes in the CNS and the neurological manifestations associated with Chagas' disease.
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D’Ávila DA, Galvão LMC, Sousa GR, Britto C, Moreira OC, Chiari E. Monitoring the parasite load in chronic Chagas disease patients: comparison between blood culture and quantitative real time PCR. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208133. [PMID: 30496249 PMCID: PMC6264508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the improvements in diagnostic tools for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in human blood samples, the isolation of parasite from bloodstream in the chronic phase of Chagas disease is challenging. Thus, there is an increasing interest in the development of strategies that allow an accurate monitoring of the parasite load in bloodstream of Chagas disease patients. Given that, the comparison of a classical diagnostic method such as blood culture and multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was few explored so far. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the detection and quantification of T. cruzi load in the circulating blood of patients with chronic Chagas disease, using blood culture and qPCR techniques. METHODS⁄PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay (qPCR) based on TaqMan technology was evaluated in 135 blood samples from 91 patients with chronic Chagas disease presenting indeterminate (asymptomatic, n = 23) and cardiac (chronic cardiomyopathy, n = 68) forms, in comparison with the classical blood culture (BC) technique. The total positivity of qPCR and BC was 58.5% and 49.6%, respectively. The median parasite load of all positive patients was 1.18 [0.39-4.23] par. eq.⁄mL, ranging from 0.01 to 116.10 par. eq.⁄mL. We did not find significant differences between T. cruzi load with age and distinct clinical manifestations of patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data suggest that qPCR can be an auxiliary tool for studies that require T. cruzi isolation from the bloodstream of patients with chronic Chagas disease, after the establishment of a parasite load cut-off that guarantees a relative success rate of parasite isolation using BC technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Alchaar D’Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Maria C. Galvão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovane R. Sousa
- Section on Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brazil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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