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Silva RA, Estevão VAO, Villela EFDM. Circulation of Trypanosoma cruzi in triatomines and Didelphis sp. in urban areas: Transmission risk assessment in the Metropolitan Region. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 52:101059. [PMID: 38880572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The presence of Trypanosoma cruzi vectors in urban areas has been frequent, with colonization of homes and associated with reservoir animals that increase risk to humans, with simultaneous circulation of vectors and T. cruzi. The study aimed to describe the circulation of triatomines and T. cruzi in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, as well as evaluate risk situations. For analysis purposes, the triatomine notification information from January 2016 to July 2023 was used. While for Didelphis sp. collection with the aid of traps, notification information used was from 2019 to 2023. Information about triatomines came from spontaneous demand by the population and notification services were carried out by state field teams following defined protocols. 202 notifications were received with the capture of 448 triatomines. The positivity for T. cruzi observed was 60.5%. Regarding Didelphis sp., 416 animals were collected, 5.3% of which were positive for T. cruzi. There was overlapping areas of presence of infected triatomines and Didelphis sp., whose Discrete Typing Unit (DTU) was T. cruzi I. This work indicates the presence of infected vectors in urban areas, and the presence of a wild cycle of T. cruzi in didelphiids, reaffirming the need for and importance of vector surveillance work, through actions that can prevent the transmission of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens Antonio Silva
- São Paulo State Department of Health, Disease Control Coordination, Pasteur Institute, Afonso Pessini 86, Mogi Guaçu, Brazil.
| | - Vera Aparecida Oliveira Estevão
- São Paulo State Department of Health, Disease Control Coordination, Vector Control, Avenue Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edlaine Faria de Moura Villela
- São Paulo State Department of Health, Disease Control Coordination, Postgraduate Program in Sciences, Avenue Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, Brazil
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Testai R, Ferreira de Siqueira M, Rocha DSB, Roque ALR, Jansen AM, Xavier SCDC. Space-environment relationship in the identification of potential areas of expansion of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Didelphis aurita in the Atlantic Rainforest. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288595. [PMID: 37506103 PMCID: PMC10381050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological Niche Modeling is widely used for animals, but rarely for understanding the parasite ecology. Trypanosoma cruzi is a heterogeneous and widely dispersed multi-host parasite. Didelphis aurita is a generalist species, both in terms of diet and environments. We modeled the D. aurita niche and T. cruzi infection in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, using the models of two common vector species (Triatoma vitticeps and Panstrongylus megistus) as biotic variables, predicting their occurrence. Records of T. cruzi infected and non-infected D. aurita were analyzed through climate and landscape approaches by the Ecoland method. Models for each triatomine species and infected and noninfected D. aurita were produced considering climate and landscape: resolution of ~1km2 selected by Pearson's correlation [-0.7≤α≤0.7]. For modeling, seven algorithms available in ModleR package were used. True Skill Statistic was used to evaluate the models' performance (≥ 0.7). T. vitticeps indicates that there is a spatial dependence with warm areas in the southeastern region while P. megistus presented a distribution with high environmental suitability concentrated in the Southeast. High values of climatic suitability, landscape and potential presence of T. vitticeps and P. megistus were considered necessary, but not sufficient for the presence of D. aurita infected by T. cruzi. Climate models showed an ecological niche with suitability variations homogeneous, and landscape models showed a distribution of habitat conditions along the biome, with a fragmented profile and heterogeneous between locations. Ecoland demonstrated that D. aurita has different degrees of impact on its role in the enzootic cycle in different locations of the Atlantic Rainforest. Associating the models with the Ecoland method allowed the recognition of areas where D. aurita are important T. cruzi reservoirs. Areas of high suitability for the presence of marsupials are a necessary, but not sufficient for D. aurita to act as a reservoir for T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Testai
- Laboratory of Tripanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- The Graduate Program in Computational and Systems Biology of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (PGBCS/IOC/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andre Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Tripanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Tripanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mello FD, Souza GD, Bedin C, Duarte MB, Leon ÍFD, Villela MM. Occurrence and distribution of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) in a metropolitan area of Southern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e35. [PMID: 37283410 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two triatomine genera (Panstrongylus and Triatoma) have essentially been recorded in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Panstrongylus megistus should be highlighted since this species is one of the main vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in Brazil, due to its wide geographical distribution and the high susceptibility to this protozoan. This study aimed to present not only the occurrence and distribution of P. megistus in the Porto Alegre city's metropolitan area (PAMA), Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, but also the rates of T. cruzi infection, from 2009 to 2020. The PAMA, which comprises 34 cities and 4.4 million habitants, extends across the transition area in two biomes - Pampa and Mata Atlantica - found in the state. Results showed that P. megistus was recorded in 76.5% of cities (i.e., 26 out of 34), mainly in Porto Alegre city, where the vector was found in 11 out of the 12 years that were monitored. Three hundred and nineteen specimens were captured. Two hundred and sixty-seven specimens (83.7%) were located intradomicile (p < 0.0001), while 52.3% positivity for T. cruzi was found. Thus, P. megistus is important in the PAMA, because it invades and colonizes the households. Moreover, the high rates of T. cruzi infection have drawn attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda de Mello
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Getúlio Dornelles Souza
- Prefeitura de Porto Alegre, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Diretoria de Vigilância em Saúde, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cleonara Bedin
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Bergamin Duarte
- Secretaria Estadual da Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Ferreira de Leon
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcos Marreiro Villela
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Christopher DM, Curtis-Robles R, Hamer GL, Bejcek J, Saunders AB, Roachell WD, Cropper TL, Hamer SA. Collection of triatomines from sylvatic habitats by a Trypanosoma cruzi-infected scent detection dog in Texas, USA. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010813. [PMID: 36940217 PMCID: PMC10063167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomine insects, vectors of the etiologic agent of Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi), are challenging to locate in sylvatic habitats. Collection techniques used in the United States often rely on methods to intercept seasonally dispersing adults or on community scientists' encounters. Neither method is suited for detecting nest habitats likely to harbor triatomines, which is important for vector surveillance and control. Furthermore, manual inspection of suspected harborages is difficult and unlikely to reveal novel locations and host associations. Similar to a team that used a trained dog to detect sylvatic triatomines in Paraguay, we worked with a trained scent detection dog to detect triatomines in sylvatic locations across Texas. PRINCIPLE METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS Ziza, a 3-year-old German Shorthaired Pointer previously naturally infected with T. cruzi, was trained to detect triatomines. Over the course of 6 weeks in the fall of 2017, the dog and her handler searched at 17 sites across Texas. The dog detected 60 triatomines at 6 sites; an additional 50 triatomines were contemporaneously collected at 1 of these sites and 2 additional sites without the assistance of the dog. Approximately 0.98 triatomines per hour were found when only humans were conducting searches; when working with the dog, approximately 1.71 triatomines per hour were found. In total, 3 adults and 107 nymphs of four species (Triatoma gerstaeckeri, Triatoma protracta, Triatoma sanguisuga, and Triatoma indictiva) were collected. PCR testing of a subset revealed T. cruzi infection, including DTUs TcI and TcIV, in 27% of nymphs (n = 103) and 66% of adults (n = 3). Bloodmeal analysis of a subset of triatomines (n = 5) revealed feeding on Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), Southern plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus), and eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE A trained scent detection dog enhanced triatomine detections in sylvatic habitats. This approach is effective at detecting nidicolous triatomines. Control of sylvatic sources of triatomines is challenging, but this new knowledge of specific sylvatic habitats and key hosts may reveal opportunities for novel vector control methods to block the transmission of T. cruzi to humans and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis-Robles
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Justin Bejcek
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ashley B. Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Walter D. Roachell
- Public Health Command Central, JBSA-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Leo Cropper
- Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Joint Base San Antonio, San Antonio Texas
| | - Sarah A. Hamer
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Silva RA, Virgínio F, Estevão VAO, Martins ML, Duarte AN, Silva GP, Carvalho PR, Santos AR, Curado I, Sei IA. First report of colonization by Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:178-182. [PMID: 32074173 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.225562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first known occurrence of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. In 2018, adult specimens were sent by residents to the competent authorities and, in the inspection of the property, a large focus associated with a marsupial nest was found. This finding reinforces the importance of the species in the state of São Paulo, serves as an alert for epidemiological surveillance and extends the species colonization area in the state of São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Silva
- Laboratório Especializado de Mogi Guaçu: Doença de Chagas, Diretoria de Combate a Vetores, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Paula Sousa, 166, 1º andar, Luz, CEP 01027-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F Virgínio
- Grupo de Estudo em Entomologia Médica, Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, Butantã, CEP 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V A O Estevão
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Martins
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A N Duarte
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - G P Silva
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - P R Carvalho
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A R Santos
- Serviço Regional da Grande São Paulo, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Cardeal Arcoverde, 2878, Pinheiros, CEP 05408-003, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I Curado
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Paula Sousa, 166, 5º andar, Luz, CEP 01027-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I A Sei
- Laboratório de Imunoepidemiologia, Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Rua Paula Sousa, 166, 5º andar, Luz, CEP 01027-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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6
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Mendes-Sousa AF, Rocha Filho EDA, Macêdo MA, Barros VC. Anti-complement activity in salivary glands and midgut of Chagas disease vector, Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera, Triatominae). Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e38. [PMID: 31411268 PMCID: PMC6690578 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The triatomine insect Panstrongylus megistus , one of the most
important Chagas disease vectors in Brazil, presents salivary molecules
pharmacologically active to counteract homeostatic responses from the host,
including inhibitors of the human complement system, a major effector of immune
responses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of
P. megistus salivary gland extract (SGE) on the complement
system from different host species and characterize the inhibitory effect of SGE
and intestinal contents on human complement. Glands and midguts from fourth
instar nymphs were used. Hemolytic assays were performed with sheep erythrocytes
as complement activators by using human, rats and chickens sera in the presence
or absence of SGE. An ELISA assay was carried out detect deposition of the C3b
component on IgG- or agarose-sensitized microplates, in the presence or absence
of SGE or midgut contents. P. megistus SGE was able to
significantly inhibit the complement of the three studied species (human, rat
and chiken). Both, SGE and midgut contents inhibited C3b deposition in either
the classical or the alternative pathways. As conclusions, SGE and midgut from
P. megistus possess anti-complement activity. The
inhibitors are effective against different host species and act on the initial
steps of the complement system cascade. These inhibitors may have a role in
blood feeding and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission by the
vector.
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First finding of Trypanosoma cruzi II in vampire bats from a district free of domestic vector-borne transmission in Northeastern Argentina. Parasitology 2016; 143:1358-68. [PMID: 27220254 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the putative links between sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, is of public health relevance. We conducted three surveys to assess T. cruzi infection in wild mammals from a rural and a preserved area in Misiones Province, Northeastern Argentina, which had recently been declared free of vector- and blood-borne transmission of human T. cruzi infection. A total of 200 wild mammals were examined by xenodiagnosis (XD) and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the hyper-variable region of kinetoplast DNA minicircles of T. cruzi (kDNA-PCR). The overall prevalence of T. cruzi infection was 8%. Nine (16%) of 57 Didelphis albiventris opossums and two (7%) of 29 Desmodus rotundus vampire bats were positive by both XD and kDNA-PCR. Additionally, one D. rotundus positive for T. cruzi by kDNA-PCR tested positive by satellite-DNA-PCR (SAT-DNA-PCR). The T. cruzi-infected bats were captured indoors and in the yard of a vacant dwelling. All D. albiventris were infected with TcI and both XD-positive D. rotundus by TcII. Fifty-five opossum cubs within the marsupium were negative by XD. The mean infectiousness to the vector was 62% in D. albiventris and 50% in D. rotundus. Mice experimentally infected with a parasite isolate from a vampire bat displayed lesions typically caused by T. cruzi. Our study documents the presence of the genotype TcII in a sylvatic host for the first time in Argentina, and the occurrence of two transmission cycles of T. cruzi in a district free of domestic vector-borne transmission.
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Euzébio DM, Oliveira GG, Costa FOD, Correia D, Costa BG, Silva AM. New cases of Chagas disease in a rural area of Northeast Brazilian. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:245-7. [PMID: 27192597 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0340-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease is considered one of the 17 most neglected tropical diseases in the World, with the most common form of vector transmission. METHODS This structured cross-sectional study was conducted through an epidemiological survey in the Tobias Barreto municipality of Sergipe. RESULTS Of the 255 participants, 1 (0.4%) participant was positive for human Chagas disease. Approximately 30.2% of the participants found the triatomine bugs in their houses and outbuildings. CONCLUSIONS The detection of a case indicated transmission, which was also evidenced by the presence of triatomines and poor housing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Matos Euzébio
- Programa de Graduação em Biologia Parasitária - Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dalmo Correia
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Maria Silva
- Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
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Dias JVL, Queiroz DRM, Martins HR, Gorla DE, Pires HHR, Diotaiuti L. Spatial distribution of triatomines in domiciles of an urban area of the Brazilian Southeast Region. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:43-50. [PMID: 26814643 PMCID: PMC4727435 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of triatomine infestation in urban areas have increased. We analysed the spatial distribution of infestation by triatomines in the urban area of Diamantina, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Triatomines were obtained by community-based entomological surveillance. Spatial patterns of infestation were analysed by Ripley's K function and Kernel density estimator. Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land cover derived from satellite imagery were compared between infested and uninfested areas. A total of 140 adults of four species were captured (100 Triatoma vitticeps, 25 Panstrongylus geniculatus, 8 Panstrongylus megistus, and 7 Triatoma arthurneivai specimens). In total, 87.9% were captured within domiciles. Infection by trypanosomes was observed in 19.6% of 107 examined insects. The spatial distributions ofT. vitticeps, P. geniculatus, T. arthurneivai, and trypanosome-positive triatomines were clustered, occurring mainly in peripheral areas. NDVI values were statistically higher in areas infested by T. vitticeps and P. geniculatus. Buildings infested by these species were located closer to open fields, whereas infestations of P. megistus and T. arthurneivai were closer to bare soil. Human occupation and modification of natural areas may be involved in triatomine invasion, exposing the population to these vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Leite Dias
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de
Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Departamento
de Farmácia, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Dimas Ramon Mota Queiroz
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Departamento
de Farmácia, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Departamento
de Farmácia, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - David Eladio Gorla
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto
Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Herton Helder Rocha Pires
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Departamento
de Farmácia, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de
Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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