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HIV and Substance Use in Latin America: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127198. [PMID: 35742448 PMCID: PMC9222977 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This scoping review aims to explore the interplay between substance use (SU) and HIV in Latin America (LA). Database searches yielded 3481 references; 196 were included. HIV prevalence among people who used substances (PWUS) ranged from 2.8–15.2%. SU definitions were variable throughout studies, and thus data were not easily comparable. In 2019, only 2% of new HIV infections were attributed to injection drug use (IDU) in LA. Factors associated with HIV among PWUS included being female, IDU and homelessness, and PWUS were likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors, start antiretroviral treatment late, have poor adherence, have treatment failure, be lost to follow-up, have comorbidities, and experience higher mortality rates and lower quality of life, as has been reported in PLWH with SU in other regions. Five intervention studies were identified, and only one was effective at reducing HIV incidence in PWUS. Interventions in other regions have varying success depending on context-specific characteristics, highlighting the need to conduct more research in the LA region. Though progress has been made in establishing SU as a major concern in people living with HIV (PLWH), much more is yet to be done to reduce the burden of HIV and SU in LA.
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da Silva FC, Rosa LP, de Jesus IM, de Oliveira Santos GP, Inada NM, Blanco KC, Araújo TSD, Bagnato VS. Total mouth photodynamic therapy mediated by red LED and porphyrin in individuals with AIDS. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1227-1234. [PMID: 34387786 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the immune changes resulting from HIV/AIDS infection, systemic and local infections throughout the body are common. The use of high activity antiretroviral therapy has been widely used during treatment, which, added to the use of antibiotics, antifungals, and the patients' own immunocompromised state, cause important changes in the oral microbiota. The emergence of pathological microorganisms and with high resistance to drug therapies are frequent and cause serious damage to the oral health of these patients. In this sense, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) appears as a promising alternative in the control of these oral infections. The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of a therapeutic protocol for total oral aPDT mediated by a 660-nm red LED (light-emitting diode) associated with porphyrin in individuals with AIDS. Patients were selected by exclusion criteria and randomly distributed into groups to test the effectiveness of antimicrobial aPDT with 50 µg/ml porphyrin associated with the red LED. Before and after the treatments, saliva samples were collected and processed in duplicate in selective culture media. Colonies were counted and the results obtained in Log10 CFU/ml and tested statistically. It was concluded that aPDT was effective in reducing oral enterobacteria, in addition to reducing Streptococcus spp. and general count of microorganisms, when considering the numbers of TCD4 and TCD8 lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Cristina da Silva
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rio de Contas Street, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 450029-094, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pereira Rosa
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rio de Contas Street, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 450029-094, Brazil
| | - Iasmym Mendes de Jesus
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rio de Contas Street, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 450029-094, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Pinto de Oliveira Santos
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rio de Contas Street, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 450029-094, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thalita Santos Dantas Araújo
- Multidisciplinary Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Rio de Contas Street, 58, Candeias, Vitória da Conquista, BA, 450029-094, Brazil
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