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Sousa TDC, Martins JSCC, Miranda MD, Garcia CC, Resende PC, Santos CA, Debur MDC, Rodrigues RR, Cavalcanti AC, Gregianini TS, Iani FCDM, Pereira FM, Fernandes SB, Ferreira JDA, Santos KCDO, Motta F, Brown D, de Almeida WAF, Siqueira MM, Matos ADR. Low prevalence of influenza A strains with resistance markers in Brazil during 2017-2019 seasons. Front Public Health 2022; 10:944277. [PMID: 36187691 PMCID: PMC9516282 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.944277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) is of a major public health concern as it causes annual epidemics and has the potential to cause pandemics. At present, the neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the most widely used anti-influenza drugs, but, more recently, the drug baloxavir marboxil (BXM), a polymerase inhibitor, has also been licensed in some countries. Mutations in the viral genes that encode the antiviral targets can lead to treatment resistance. Worldwide, a low prevalence of antiviral resistant strains has been reported. Despite that, this situation can change rapidly, and resistant strain surveillance is a priority. Thus, the aim of this was to evaluate Brazilian IAVs antiviral resistance from 2017 to 2019 through the identification of viral mutations associated with reduced inhibition of the drugs and by testing the susceptibility of IAV isolates to oseltamivir (OST), the most widely used NAI drug in the country. Initially, we analyzed 282 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and 455 A(H3N2) genetic sequences available on GISAID. The amino acid substitution (AAS) NA:S247N was detected in one A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. We also identified NA:I222V (n = 6) and NA:N329K (n = 1) in A(H3N2) strains. In addition, we performed a molecular screening for NA:H275Y in 437 A(H1N1)pdm09 samples, by pyrosequencing, which revealed a single virus harboring this mutation. Furthermore, the determination of OST IC50 values for 222 A(H1N1)pdm09 and 83 A(H3N2) isolates revealed that all isolates presented a normal susceptibility profile to the drug. Interestingly, we detected one A(H3N2) virus presenting with PA:E119D AAS. Moreover, the majority of the IAV sequences had the M2:S31N adamantanes resistant marker. In conclusion, we show a low prevalence of Brazilian IAV strains with NAI resistance markers, in accordance with what is reported worldwide, indicating that NAIs still remain an option for the treatment of influenza infections in Brazil. However, surveillance of influenza resistance should be strengthened in the country for improving the representativeness of investigated viruses and the robustness of the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago das Chagas Sousa
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Milene Dias Miranda
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Couto Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cristina Resende
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cliomar A. Santos
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Publica de Sergipe (LACEN-SE), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Saúde Pública do Estado do Espírito Santo, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Espírito Santo (LACEN-ES), Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil,Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cony Cavalcanti
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Rio de Janeiro (LACEN-RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública da Secretaria de Saúde do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, (LACEN-RS)/CEVS/SES-RS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Melo Iani
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Minas Gerais (LACEN-MG), Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Motta
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Brown
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida
- Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT)/Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS)/Ministério da Saúde (MS), Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline da Rocha Matos
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ Fundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Aline da Rocha Matos
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Leal CM, Simas RC, Miranda M, Campos MF, Gomes BA, Siqueira MM, Vale GD, Gomes de Almeida CV, Leitão SG, Leitão GG. Amazonian Siparuna extracts as potential anti-influenza agents: Metabolic fingerprinting. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113788. [PMID: 33429033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Siparuna species are used in Brazilian Folk Medicine for the treatment and prophylaxis of colds, fever, headache, gastrointestinal disorders and rheumatic pain. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate a possible anti-influenza activity of 25 extracts from leaves of Amazonian S. cristata, S. decipiens, S. glycycarpa, S. reginae and S. sarmentosa based on their folk medicinal uses as well as to investigate their metabolic fingerprinting. The chemical composition of the active extracts was further dereplicated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The chemical composition of the crude EtOH extracts from five Siparuna species were investigated by ESI (±) LC-QTOF-MS2. Organic extracts were obtained by liquid-liquid partition with solvents of increasing polarity, generating 25 extracts which were subjected to a quick DI-ESI (±) IT-MS fingerprint analysis. These extracts were tested against influenza virus replication and cellular toxicity using MDCK cells and influenza A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09 virus. The compounds in the active BuOH extracts from S. glycycarpa and S. sarmentosa were annotated by ESI (±) LC-QTOF-MS2. RESULTS Analysis of the EtOH extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids, in the positive and negative ionization modes. Out of the 25 organic extracts screened for their antiviral activity, the BuOH extracts from S. glycycarpa and S. sarmentosa were the most active, inhibiting 96.0 ± 1.3% and 89.5 ± 0.8% of influenza virus replication 24 h post-infection. These inhibitory effects were maintained until 72hpi. Alkaloids, O- and C-flavonoid glycosides, dihydrochalcones and a procyanidin dimer were annotated in these extracts. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus replication shown by Amazonian Siparuna species corroborates the use of these plants in Brazilian Folk Medicine, showing their potential as anti-influenza agents. These promising results stimulate the continuation of this study with the aim of isolating the compound(s) responsible for this bioactivity, thus contributing to a better knowledge of those species and to the research of natural products with potential anti-influenza activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Monteiro Leal
- Programa de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos (PBV), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (IPPN), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Rosineide Costa Simas
- Laboratório de Cromatografia e Espectrometria de Massas (LaCEM), Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Milene Miranda
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21.041-210, Brazil
| | - Mariana Freire Campos
- Programa de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos (PBV), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Brendo Araujo Gomes
- Programa de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos (PBV), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Marilda M Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21.041-210, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle do Vale
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21.041-210, Brazil
| | - Carlos Vitor Gomes de Almeida
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21.041-210, Brazil
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Programa de Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos (PBV), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil; Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil
| | - Gilda Guimarães Leitão
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (IPPN), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21.941-902, Brazil.
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Roosenhoff R, Schutten M, Reed V, Clinch B, van der Linden A, Fouchier RAM, Fraaij PLA. Secondary substitutions in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes associated with neuraminidase inhibitor resistance are rare in the Influenza Resistance Information Study (IRIS). Antiviral Res 2021; 189:105060. [PMID: 33713731 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid substitutions in influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) that cause resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) generally result in virus attenuation. However, influenza viruses may acquire secondary substitutions in the NA and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins that can restore viral fitness. To assess to which extent this happens, the emergence of NAI resistance substitutions and secondary - potentially compensatory - substitutions was quantified in influenza viruses of immunocompetent individuals included in the Influenza Resistance Information Study (IRIS; NCT00884117). Known resistance substitutions were detected by mutation specific RT-PCR in viruses of 57 of 1803 (3.2%) oseltamivir-treated individuals, including 39 individuals infected with A/H1N1pdm09 [H275Y] virus and 18 with A/H3N2 [R292K] virus. A total of fifteen and ten other amino acid substitutions were acquired in HA and NA respectively, of A/H1N1pdm09, A/H3N2 and influenza B viruses upon treatment with oseltamivir but none of these was associated with resistance to oseltamivir. All cultured viruses with the known resistance substitutions H275Y or R292K showed reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir in the NA-star assay. Upon next-generation sequencing, the vast majority of NAI resistant A/H1N1pdm09 and A/H3N2 viruses had no resistance-associated secondary substitutions at high frequency. Only in two A/H1N1pdm09 [H275Y] viruses, the potentially compensatory secondary substitutions HA-D52N and NA-R152K were detected. We conclude that the emergence of secondary substitutions that may restore viral fitness upon the emergence of known influenza virus NAI resistance substitutions was a rare event in this immunocompetent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rueshandra Roosenhoff
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Schutten
- Clinical Virology and Diagnostics, 1817HL, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | | | - Barry Clinch
- Roche Products Ltd, Welwyn Garden City, AL7 1TW, United Kingdom
| | - Anne van der Linden
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter L A Fraaij
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GE, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Pawestri HA, Nugraha AA, Hariastuti NI, Setiawaty V. Detection of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses obtained from influenza surveillance in Indonesia. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118818293. [PMID: 30574303 PMCID: PMC6295675 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118818293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza antiviral resistance has been shown to occur in many countries and is commonly found in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2). In this study, we monitored and investigated the neuraminidase inhibitor resistance of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses through the influenza surveillance system in Indonesia. Methods: A total of 4752 clinical specimens were collected from patients with influenza-like illness and severe acute respiratory infection during the year 2016. An allelic discrimination assay was conducted by a single base substitution or a single-nucleotide polymorphism that is specific to the H275 wild-type and Y275 mutant. Sequencing was performed to confirm the H275Y mutations, and we analysed the phylogenetic relationship. Results: The first occurrence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was observed in the samples from the influenza-like illness surveillance. Two H275Y oseltamivir-resistant viruses (0.74%) out of 272 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positives were found. Both of them were collected from untreated patients. Conclusion: The number of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses in Indonesia is very low. However, it is necessary to continue with active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance in severe and mild cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Apsari Pawestri
- National Institute of Health Research Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Arie Ardiansyah Nugraha
- National Institute of Health Research Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Nur Ika Hariastuti
- National Institute of Health Research Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Vivi Setiawaty
- National Institute of Health Research Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Republic of Indonesia
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Silva T, S Salomon P, Hamerski L, Walter J, B Menezes R, Siqueira JE, Santos A, Santos JAM, Ferme N, Guimarães T, O Fistarol G, I Hargreaves P, Thompson C, Thompson F, Souza TM, Siqueira M, Miranda M. Inhibitory effect of microalgae and cyanobacteria extracts on influenza virus replication and neuraminidase activity. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5716. [PMID: 30386690 PMCID: PMC6204821 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influenza virus can cause seasonal infections with mild to severe symptoms, circulating worldwide, and it can affect people in any age group. Therefore, this infection is a serious public health problem that causes severe illness and death in high-risk populations. Every year, 0.5% of the world’s population is infected by this pathogen. This percentage can increase up to ten times during pandemics. Influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent disease. In addition, anti-influenza drugs are essential for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. The oseltamivir (OST, a neuraminidase inhibitor) is the primary antiviral used in clinics during outbreaks. However, OST resistant viruses may emerge naturally or due to antiviral pressure, with a prevalence of 1–2% worldwide. Thus, the search for new anti-influenza drugs is extremely important. Currently, several groups have been developing studies describing the biotechnological potential of microalgae and cyanobacteria, including antiviral activity of their extracts. In Brazil, this potential is poorly known and explored. Methods With the aim of increasing the knowledge on this topic, 38 extracts from microalgae and cyanobacteria isolated from marine and freshwater biomes in Brazil were tested against: cellular toxicity; OST-sensitive and resistant influenza replications; and neuraminidase activity. Results For this purpose, Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)-infected cells were treated with 200 μg/mL of each extract. A total of 17 extracts (45%) inhibited influenza A replication, with seven of them resulting in more than 80% inhibition. Moreover, functional assays performed with viral neuraminidase revealed two extracts (from Leptolyngbya sp. and Chlorellaceae) with IC50 mean < 210 μg/mL for influenza A and B, and also OST-sensitive and resistant strains. Furthermore, MDCK cells exposed to 1 mg/mL of all the extracts showed viability higher than 80%. Discussion Our results suggest that extracts of microalgae and cyanobacteria have promising anti-influenza properties. Further chemical investigation should be conducted to isolate the active compounds for the development of new anti-influenza drugs. The data generated contribute to the knowledge of the biotechnological potential of Brazilian biomes that are still little explored for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thauane Silva
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Salomon
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidilhone Hamerski
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juline Walter
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Menezes
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Edson Siqueira
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Santos
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Ferme
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaise Guimarães
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giovana O Fistarol
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo I Hargreaves
- Laboratório de Fitoplâncton Marinho, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Thompson
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Thompson
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno Souza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milene Miranda
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Matos AR, Resende PC, Miranda MD, Garcia CC, Caetano BC, Lopes JC, Debur MC, Cury AL, Vianna LA, Lima MC, Schirmer M, Gubareva L, Hurt AC, Brown DW, Siqueira MM. Susceptibility of Brazilian influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors in the 2014–2016 seasons: Identification of strains bearing mutations associated with reduced inhibition profile. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tandel K, Sharma S, Dash PK, Parida M. Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus associated with high case fatality, India 2015. J Med Virol 2018; 90:836-843. [PMID: 29288584 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses has been associated with severe global pandemics of high morbidity and mortality with devastating impact on human health and global economy. India witnessed a major outbreak of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2015. This study comprises detailed investigation of cases died of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection during explosive outbreak of 2015, in central part of India. To find out presence of drug resistant virus among patients who died of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection and to find out presence of other mutations contributing to the morbidity and mortality. Twenty-two patients having confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and subsequently died of this infection along with 20 non fatal cases with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection were included in the study. Samples were investigated through RT-PCR/RFLP analysis, followed by nucleotide cycle sequencing of whole NA gene for detection of H275Y amino acid substitution in NA gene responsible for oseltamivir drug resistance. Out of 22 fatal cases, 6 (27.27%) were found to harbor oseltamivir resistant virus strains, whereas the H275Y mutation was not observed among the 20 non fatal cases. Amino acid substitution analysis of complete NA gene revealed V241I, N369K, N386K substitution in all strains playing synergistic role in oseltamivir drug resistance. High morbidity and mortality associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses can be explained by presence of drug resistant strains circulating in this outbreak. Presence of Oseltamivir resistant influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses is a cause of great concern and warrants continuous screening for the circulation of drug resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Tandel
- Division of Virology, Defence R&D Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP, India
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Virology, Defence R&D Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Division of Virology, Defence R&D Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP, India
| | - ManMohan Parida
- Division of Virology, Defence R&D Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, MP, India
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Nakano T, Ishiwada N, Sumitani T, Uemori M, Isobe K. Inhaled Laninamivir Octanoate as Prophylaxis for Influenza in Children. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-0109. [PMID: 27940664 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single 20-mg dose of inhaled laninamivir octanoate is an effective treatment of influenza. However, the efficacy of laninamivir octanoate for the prevention of influenza in children <10 years of age has not yet been established. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine whether the efficacy of a single 20-mg dose of inhaled laninamivir octanoate to prevent the development of influenza was superior to that of placebo as prophylaxis for influenza in pediatric (<10 years) household members of index cases. Eligible subjects without influenza, in contact with an influenza-infected index case living in the same household, were blindly randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive 20 mg of laninamivir octanoate or placebo. The primary end point was the proportion of subjects who developed clinical influenza during a 10-day period. RESULTS A total of 343 subjects were randomly assigned, with 341 subjects included in the full analysis set for the primary analysis. The proportions of subjects who developed clinical influenza were 11% (18/171) in the laninamivir octanoate group and 19% (33/170) in the placebo group (P = .02). The relative risk reduction was 45.8% (95% confidence interval, 7.5% to 68.2%). The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS A single 20-mg dose of inhaled laninamivir octanoate was effective and well tolerated as prophylaxis for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Ishiwada
- Department of Infectious Diseases Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; and
| | | | - Mitsutoshi Uemori
- Clinical Data and Biostatistics Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
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