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Machado-Silva A, Guindalini C, Fonseca FL, Pereira-Silva MV, Fonseca BDP. Scientific and technological contributions of Latin America and Caribbean countries to the Zika virus outbreak. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:530. [PMID: 31072386 PMCID: PMC6507135 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent Zika virus (ZIKAV) epidemics disclosed a major public health threat and a scientific and technological (S&T) challenge. The lessons learned from the S&T response of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries are critical to inform further research and guide scientific investments. The present study aimed to assess how new S&T knowledge produced and disseminated regionally can contribute to address global health challenges. Methods Scientometric and social network analysis methods were used to assess the LAC scientific contribution and potential technological development on ZIKAV up to December 2017. ZIKAV-related publications were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Regionally published articles were obtained from SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) and LILACS (Literature in the Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean) databases. Patent registries were retrieved using Orbit Intelligence and Derwent Innovation. Records from each database were individually downloaded, integrated, standardized and analyzed. Results We retrieved 5421 ZIKAV-related publications, revealing a sharp increase from 2015 onwards. LAC countries accounted for 20% of all publications and Brazil was among the top three most central countries in the global network for ZIKAV research. A total of 274 patent families backed up by experimental evidence were retrieved. Only 5% were filed by LAC assignees, all of them based in Brazil. The largest contribution of LAC research was on the clinical manifestations of the ZIKAV infection, along with vector control, which was also the main focus of patents. Conclusions Our analysis offered a comprehensive overview of ZIKAV’s research and development and showed that (i) LAC countries had a key role in generating and disseminating scientific knowledge on ZIKAV; (ii) LAC countries have expressively contributed to research on ZIKAV clinical manifestations; (iii) the Brazilian scientific community was potentially very effective in knowledge sharing and diffusion in the ZIKAV research network; (iv) Brazil was the single LAC country filing patents, mostly represented by independent inventors and low-tech patents. The paper advocates the need for a continued interdisciplinary approach to improve LAC countries ability to prevent, prepare for and control future outbreaks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-6842-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Machado-Silva
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila Guindalini
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Observatório em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lopes Fonseca
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Observatório em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Pereira-Silva
- Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Observatório em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Paula Fonseca
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde (CDTS), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Observatório em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Yanagisawa N, Wada K, Spengler JD, Sanchez-Pina R. Health preparedness plan for dengue detection during the 2020 summer Olympic and Paralympic games in Tokyo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006755. [PMID: 30235211 PMCID: PMC6147396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Participants in mass gathering events are at risk of acquiring imported and locally endemic infectious diseases. The 2014 dengue outbreak in Tokyo gathered attention since it was the first time in 70 years for Japan to experience an autochthonous transmission. Preparation for emerging infectious threats is essential even in places where these outbreaks have been largely unknown. The aim of this study is to identify strategies for early detection and prevention of dengue infection during the 2020 summer Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo. Methodology/Principal findings We modified and adapted the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) methodology, generally used in industrial manufacturing, to examine the current controls for dengue detection and assessment. Information on existing controls were obtained from publicly available resources. Our analysis revealed that the national infectious disease control system to detect dengue in Japan is robust. However, in the case of large assemblies of international visitors for special events when the spread of communicable and vector-borne diseases increases, there are three main gaps that could be reinforced. First, cyclical training or a certification program on tropical disease management is warranted for physicians, especially those working in non-infectious disease-designated hospitals or clinics. Second, multi-language communication methods need to be strengthened especially in the health and hospitality sector. Third, owners of accommodations should consider incorporating a formal tropical disease-training program for their staff members and have a contingency plan for infectious disease-suspected travelers. Conclusions/Significance Our findings may facilitate physicians and public health officials where new controls would be beneficial for the 2020 summer Olympics and Paralympics. The FMEA framework has the potential to be applied to other infectious diseases, not just dengue. Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that is most prevalent among the emerging arboviruses. Most patients recover from dengue without complications, but a small portion of cases may progress to severe dengue which carries a high mortality rate if left untreated. In 2014, a dengue outbreak unexpectedly occurred in Tokyo, which was the first time in 70 years for Japan to experience an autochthonous transmission. Thus, preparation for dengue and other emerging infectious threats is essential even in places where these outbreaks have been largely unknown. Tokyo will be hosting the Olympic and Paralympic games in 2020, and interventions are warranted to mitigate the risks. We modified and adapted the failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) methodology to test the vulnerability and resiliency of the current controls. Although the FMEA methodology is generally used in industrial manufacturing, it has the potential to be utilized for health preparedness for other infectious diseases as well. Our analysis identifies three strategies to reinforce early detection of dengue infection and prevent further transmission during the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yanagisawa
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Koji Wada
- Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John D. Spengler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramon Sanchez-Pina
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Rodriguez-Valero N, Luengo Oroz M, Cuadrado Sanchez D, Vladimirov A, Espriu M, Vera I, Sanz S, Gonzalez Moreno JL, Muñoz J, Ledesma Carbayo MJ. Mobile based surveillance platform for detecting Zika virus among Spanish Delegates attending the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201943. [PMID: 30133492 PMCID: PMC6104978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus has created a major epidemic in Central and South America, especially in Brazil, during 2015-16. The infection is strongly associated with fetal malformations, mainly microcephaly, and neurological symptoms in adults. During the preparation of the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016, members of Olympic Delegations worldwide expressed their concern about the health consequences of being infected with Zika virus. A major risk highlighted by the scientific community was the impact on the spreading of the virus into new territories immediately after the Games. OBJECTIVES To detect real-time incidence of symptoms compatible with arboviral diseases and other tropical imported diseases among the Spanish Olympic Delegation (SOD) attending the Rio Olympic Games in 2016. METHODS We developed a surveillance platform based on a mobile application installed in participant's smartphones that monitored the health status of the SOD through a daily interactive check of the user health status including geo-localization data. The results were evaluated by a study physician on-call through a web-based platform monitoring system. Participants presenting severe symptoms or those compatible with Zika infection prompted an alarm in the system triggering specialized medical assistance and allowing early detection and control of the introduction of arboviral diseases in Spain. SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS The system was downloaded by 189 participants and used by 143 of them (76%). Median age was 38 years (IQR 16), and 134 (71%) were male. Mean duration of travel was 19 days (+/-9SD). During the Games the highest accumulated incidence observed was for headache: 6.06% cough: 5.30% and conjunctivitis: 3.03%. The incidence rate of cough during the Olympic Games was 1.1% per day per person, followed by headache 0.8% and 0.4% conjunctivitis or diarrhea. In our cohort we observed that non-athletes experienced more incidence of symptoms, except for incidence of cough which was the same in the two groups (1.1%). No participants reported symptoms fulfilling Zika definition case. CONCLUSION Our system did not find cases fulfilling Zika definition amongst participants of the SOD during the Games, consistent with limited cases of Zika in Rio during the Games. The app showed good usability and the web based monitoring platform allowed to manage infectious cases in real-time. The overall system has proven to serve as a real-time surveillance platform for detecting symptoms that could be present in tropical imported diseases, especially arboviral diseases, contributing to the preparedness for the introduction of vector borne-diseases in non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Rodriguez-Valero
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Luengo Oroz
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Cuadrado Sanchez
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Vladimirov
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Espriu
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Vera
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sanz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Gonzalez Moreno
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Muñoz
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic (Department of International Health)-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Ledesma Carbayo
- Biomedical Image Technology, Electronic Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid & CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain
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Vasconcellos AG, Fonseca e Fonseca BDP, Morel CM. Revisiting the concept of Innovative Developing Countries (IDCs) for its relevance to health innovation and neglected tropical diseases and for the prevention and control of epidemics. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006469. [PMID: 30001318 PMCID: PMC6042684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Countries have traditionally been split into two major groups: developed or industrialized (“the North”) and developing or underdeveloped (“the South”). Several authors and organizations have challenged this classification to recognize countries that have reached an intermediate stage of social and economic development. As proposed by Morel and collaborators in 2005, the concept of Innovative Developing Countries (IDCs) defines a group of nations with impactful scientific programs. Here, IDCs are reexamined by a variety of metrics to highlight their role in health innovation through research and development (R&D) programs on neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that also positively impact epidemic preparedness. Results To address the global changes due to expanding globalization we updated the original indicator of the number of USPTO patents deposited by individual countries per GDP and per capita to the number of international patents applications, related to applicant residence and deposited under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per GNI (or GDP) and per capita. A comparison of the originally described ranking of top innovative countries to those in the present study revealed new members that updated the list of IDCs and showed a prominent role now played by China. Analyzing scientific publications in international journals since the introduction of the IDC concept in 2005 we found that IDCs do prioritize Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) as an area of research. Finally we investigated the role of IDCs in two major public health emergencies between 2012 and 2016, the outbreaks of Ebola in West Africa and Zika in South America. An analysis of the co-authorship country networks demonstrated an important role for IDC infrastructure and personnel in the prevention and control of these epidemics. Discussion and conclusions Different techniques can be used to evaluate and measure innovative performance of countries. Country rankings published by traditional indexes, such as the Bloomberg Innovation Index (BII) and the Global Innovation Index (GII), only include high income economies among the top 20 performers. This is in sharp contrast to our approach, which identified 8-9 IDCs among the first 25 with China occupying the top position. Through an analysis of the pros and cons of the different methodologies, the IDC concept challenges more conventional approaches to address and estimate the innovative capacity of countries. Splitting countries into two groups—rich and poor; developed (the “North”) and developing (the “South”); leaders and followers—appears to us to be progressively more simplistic, unrealistic and a heritage from colonial times. Triggered by the first wave of globalization, the share of world income going to today’s wealthy nations soared from twenty to almost seventy percent between 1820 and 1990, a fact that supported and strengthened this dichotomic vision; however, the new globalization driven by information technology has propelled the rapid industrialization of several developing nations and simultaneous deindustrialization of developed nations, a phenomenon that has not yet been fully understood nor reflected in traditional economic indexes and analyses. In this article we revisit the 2005 concept of Innovative Developing Countries (IDCs) that points to the underrepresentation of IDCs in well-known innovation indexes and country ranks. Our analysis clearly shows a prominent role for IDCs in health innovation, research and development on NTDs and in epidemics preparedness, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guimarães Vasconcellos
- Postgraduate and Research Division, National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AGV); (CMM)
| | - Bruna de Paula Fonseca e Fonseca
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Medicis Morel
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation on Diseases of Neglected Populations (INCT-IDPN), Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AGV); (CMM)
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Abstract
Less than half a century ago infectious diseases appeared to be destined to be extinguished via as a culmination of medical triumphs. As focus turned towards combating non-communicable diseases, emerging and re-emerging diseases (EIDs) have bloomed from those ashes. Five epidemic mosquito-borne arboviruses (Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Dengue virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus) have emerged in the recent past. Arboviruses are of the utmost importance with respect to EIDs due to intensive growth of globalisation, arthropod urban fitness/adaption, and environmental changes. We focus on recent outbreaks of the arthropod borne viruses (arboviruses) Zika virus and YFV. Factors contributing to the blossoming of EIDs (environmental, globalisation, and urbanisation) and combating strategies (surveillance, containment, and prevention) will be discussed. Specifically, Zika virus and YFV will be used in the context of these factors and strategies. YFV is discussed in detail as it pertains to these factors and strategies in the United States (US), 2017 Brazil Outbreak, 2016 Africa Outbreak, and global risk. Vigilance is needed to focus on, prevent, and control the current and next arbovirus EIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Michael Callender
- a School of Public Health and Health Sciences , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA , USA.,b Department of State , United States Embassy , Brasilia , Brazil
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Rodriguez-Valero N, Borobia AM, Lago M, Sánchez-Seco MP, de Ory F, Vázquez A, Pérez-Arellano JL, Rodríguez CC, Martínez MJ, Capón A, Cañas E, Salas-Coronas J, Galparsoro AA, Muñoz J. Zika Virus Screening among Spanish Team Members After 2016 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Olympic Games. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [PMID: 28628450 PMCID: PMC5547782 DOI: 10.3201/eid2308.170415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the risk for the Spanish Olympic Team acquiring Zika virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during 2016. We recruited 117 team members, and all tested negative for Zika virus. Lack of cases in this cohort supports the minimum risk estimates made before the Games.
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Obenauer J, Rübsamen N, Castell S, Hoodgarzadeh M, Klett-Tammen CJ, Mikolajczyk RT, Karch A. Perceptions of Zika virus risk in Germany in 2016. Eur J Public Health 2017; 28:139-144. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Zika virus infection and the Olympic Games 2016. Rev Clin Esp 2017; 217:178-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J. E. Levi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein; São Paulo Brazil
- Fundação Pró-Sangue/Hemocentro de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Lewnard JA, Gonsalves G, Ko AI. Low Risk of International Zika Virus Spread due to the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. Ann Intern Med 2016; 165:286-7. [PMID: 27454521 PMCID: PMC5444538 DOI: 10.7326/m16-1628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Virus Zika: viajes, mosquitos y Juegos Olímpicos. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:113-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Castro MC. Zika virus and the 2016 Olympic Games – Evidence-based projections derived from dengue do not support cancellation. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:384-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Burattini MN. Doenças infecciosas no Século XXI. ACTA PAUL ENFERM 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0194201600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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