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Migné CV, Heckmann A, Monsion B, Mohd Jaafar F, Galon C, Rakotobe S, Bell-Sakyi L, Moutailler S, Attoui H. Age- and Sex-Associated Pathogenesis of Cell Culture-Passaged Kemerovo Virus in IFNAR (-/-) Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3177. [PMID: 38542150 PMCID: PMC10970428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Kemerovo virus (KEMV) is a tick-borne orbivirus transmitted by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Previous animal experimentation studies with orbiviruses, in particular the interferon receptor double knock-out (IFNAR(-/-)) mouse model, did not indicate bias that is related to age or sex. We endeavoured to assess the effect of serial and alternated passages of KEMV in mammalian or Ixodes cells on virus replication and potential virulence in male or female IFNAR(-/-) mice, with important age differences: younger males (4-5 months old), older males (14-15 months old), and old females (14-15 months old). After 30 serial passages in mammalian or tick cells, or alternated passages in the two cell types, older female mice which were inoculated with the resulting virus strains were the first to show clinical signs and die. Younger males behaved differently from older males whether they were inoculated with the parental strain of KEMV or with any of the cell culture-passaged strains. The groups of male and female mice inoculated with the mammalian cell culture-adapted KEMV showed the lowest viraemia. While older female and younger male mice died by day 6 post-inoculation, surprisingly, the older males survived until the end of the experiment, which lasted 10 days. RNA extracted from blood and organs of the various mice was tested by probe-based KEMV real-time RT-PCR. Ct values of the RNA extracts were comparable between older females and younger males, while the values for older males were >5 Ct units higher for the various organs, indicating lower levels of replication. It is noteworthy that the hearts of the old males were the only organs that were negative for KEMV RNA. These results suggest, for the first time, an intriguing age- and sex-related bias for an orbivirus in this animal model. Changes in the amino acid sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of Kemerovo virus, derived from the first serial passage in Ixodes cells (KEMV Ps.IRE1), were identified in the vicinity of the active polymerase site. This finding suggests that selection of a subpopulation of KEMV with better replication fitness in tick cells occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Victoire Migné
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.H.); (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Aurélie Heckmann
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.H.); (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Fauziah Mohd Jaafar
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Clémence Galon
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.H.); (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Sabine Rakotobe
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.H.); (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK;
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.H.); (C.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 VIROLOGIE, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.V.M.); (B.M.); (F.M.J.)
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2
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Abstract
In the western United States, this virus may have been mediated via migrating infected birds from southern South America, where it reemerged most recently in 2002. We summarize and analyze historical and current data regarding the reemergence of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; genus Flavivirus) in the Americas. Historically, SLEV caused encephalitis outbreaks in the United States; however, it was not considered a public health concern in the rest of the Americas. After the introduction of West Nile virus in 1999, activity of SLEV decreased considerably in the United States. During 2014–2015, SLEV caused a human outbreak in Arizona and caused isolated human cases in California in 2016 and 2017. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the emerging SLEV in the western United States is related to the epidemic strains isolated during a human encephalitis outbreak in Córdoba, Argentina, in 2005. Ecoepidemiologic studies suggest that the emergence of SLEV in Argentina was caused by the introduction of a more pathogenic strain and increasing populations of the eared dove (amplifying host).
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MESH Headings
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/history
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/transmission
- Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/physiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/history
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/transmission
- Encephalitis, St. Louis/virology
- Geography, Medical
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Phylogeny
- South America/epidemiology
- United States/epidemiology
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Rivarola ME, de Olmos S, Albrieu-Llinás G, Tauro LB, Gorosito-Serrán M, Konigheim BS, Contigiani MS, Gruppi A. Neuronal Degeneration in Mice Induced by an Epidemic Strain of Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus Isolated in Argentina. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1181. [PMID: 29930541 PMCID: PMC6000731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a neglected flavivirus that causes severe neurological disorders. The epidemic strain of SLEV, CbaAr-4005, isolated during an outbreak in Córdoba city (Argentina), causes meningitis and encephalitis associated with neurological symptoms in a murine experimental model. Here, we identified the affected brain areas and the damage triggered by this neurotropic arbovirus. We performed a detailed analysis of brain neurodegeneration associated with CbaAr-4005 SLEV infection in mice. The motor cortex, corpus striatum and cerebellum were the most affected structures. Neurodegeneration was also found in the olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and hindbrain. SLEV infection triggered brain cell apoptosis as well as somatodendritic and terminal degeneration. In addition, we observed massive excitotoxic-like degeneration in many cortical structures. Apoptosis was also detected in the neuroblastoma cell line N2a cultured with SLEV. The results evidenced that SLEV CbaAr-4005 infection induced severe degenerative alterations within the central nervous system of infected mice, providing new information about the targets of this flavivirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Rivarola
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Olmos
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía e Histología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra - INIMEC-CONICET-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Albrieu-Llinás
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura B Tauro
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud, Puerto Iguazú, Argentina
| | - Melisa Gorosito-Serrán
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Brenda S Konigheim
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta S Contigiani
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Rivarola ME, Albrieu-Llinás G, Pisano MB, Tauro LB, Gorosito-Serrán M, Beccaria CG, Díaz LA, Vázquez A, Quaglia A, López C, Spinsanti L, Gruppi A, Contigiani MS. Tissue tropism of Saint Louis encephalitis virus: Histopathology triggered by epidemic and non-epidemic strains isolated in Argentina. Virology 2017; 505:181-192. [PMID: 28279829 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) reemerged in South America, and caused encephalitis outbreaks at the beginning of the 21st century. To enhance our knowledge about SLEV virulence, we performed comparative pathogenesis studies in Swiss albino mice inoculated with two different variants, the epidemic strain CbaAr-4005 and the non-epidemic strain CorAn-9275. Only the infection of mice with SLEV strain CbaAr-4005 resulted in high viremia, invasion of peripheral tissues including the lungs, kidney, and spleen, and viral neuroinvasion. This was associated with inflammatory pathology in the lungs, spleen, and brain as well as morbidity and mortality. In contrast, neither signs of desease nor viral replication were observed in mice infected with strain CorAn-9275. Interestingly, important loss of B cells and development of altered germinal centers (GC) were detected in the spleen of mice infected with strain CbaAr-4005, whereas mice infected with SLEV CorAn-9275 developed prominent GC with conserved follicular architecture, and neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Rivarola
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Albrieu-Llinás
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Laura Beatriz Tauro
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Melisa Gorosito-Serrán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre. CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cristian Gabriel Beccaria
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre. CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Luis Adrián Díaz
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Carretera de Majadahonda - Pozuelo, Km. 2.200. 28220 - Majadahonda (Madrid); CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
| | - Agustín Quaglia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Cristina López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Biología Celular. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Juan Filloy S/N. PC: 5000, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Lorena Spinsanti
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina; Inmunología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Medina Allende y Haya de la Torre. CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Marta Silvia Contigiani
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología ''Dr. J. M. Vanella'', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enfermera Gordillo Gómez S/N. CP, 5016, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarfield 1611, CP: 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.
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5
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Medlin S, Deardorff ER, Hanley CS, Vergneau-Grosset C, Siudak-Campfield A, Dallwig R, Travassos da Rosa A, Tesh RB, Pia Martin M, Weaver SC, Vaughan C, Ramirez O, Sladky KK, Paul-Murphy J. SEROSURVEY OF SELECTED ARBOVIRAL PATHOGENS IN FREE-RANGING, TWO-TOED SLOTHS (CHOLOEPUS HOFFMANNI) AND THREE-TOED SLOTHS (BRADYPUS VARIEGATUS) IN COSTA RICA, 2005-07. J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:883-892. [PMID: 27479900 PMCID: PMC5189659 DOI: 10.7589/2015-02-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We screened for antibodies to 16 arboviruses in four populations of free-ranging sloths in Costa Rica. Blood samples were taken from 16 Hoffman's two-toed sloths (HTSs; Choloepus hoffmanni ) and 26 brown-throated sloths (BTSs; Bradypus variegatus ) over a 3-yr period. We used serologic assays to detect antibodies against 10 arboviruses previously described in sloths (St. Louis encephalitis [SLEV], Changuinola, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Ilheus [ILHV], Oropouche, Mayaro, Utinga, Murutucu, Punta Toro, and vesicular stomatitis [VSV] viruses) and six arboviruses not described in sloths (Rio Grande, West Nile [WNV], eastern equine encephalitis, Piry, Munguba, and La Crosse viruses). Overall, 80% of sloths had detectable antibodies to SLEV, 67% had antibodies to ILHV, 32% to Punta Toro virus, 30% to Changuinola virus, 15% to WNV, 14% to VSV, 11% to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and 10% to Rio Grande virus. No samples had detectable antibodies to the remaining eight viruses. We found a significant increase in prevalence of antibody to VSV in HTSs between 2005 and 2007, and for WNV antibody between 2005 and 2006. We found no significant differences in the prevalences of antibodies to the sampled viruses between the two locations. Antibody prevalences were significantly higher in HTSs than in BTSs for SLEV in 2005. Antibody-positive results for ILHV were likely due to cross-reaction with SLEV. The novel finding of antibodies to Rio Grande virus in sloths could be due to cross-reaction with another phlebovirus. These findings might have implications for land management and domestic animal health. Due to the nature of the study, we could not determine whether sloths could represent amplification hosts for these viruses, or whether they were only exposed and could be used as sentinel species. Further studies are needed to fully characterize arboviral exposure in sloths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Medlin
- Medlin Exotic Animal Medical Services, 14361 Metropolis Ave., Suite 102, Fort Myers, Florida 33912, USA
| | - Eleanor R. Deardorff
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | - Claire Vergneau-Grosset
- Faculté de Médecine Vé térinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | | | - Rebecca Dallwig
- Wisconsin Veterinary Referral Center, 360 Bluemound Rd., Waukesha, Wisconsin 53188, USA
| | - Amelia Travassos da Rosa
- Department of Pathology Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Maria Pia Martin
- Kids Saving the Rainforest Rescue Center, PO Box 297, 60601 Quepos, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, Texas 77555-0610, USA
| | - Christopher Vaughan
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Instituto Internacional en Conservacio̧n y Manejo de Vida Silvestre, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Oscar Ramirez
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Kurt K. Sladky
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Dr. W, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Joanne Paul-Murphy
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
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Exploring Genomic, Geographic and Virulence Interactions among Epidemic and Non-Epidemic St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (Flavivirus) Strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136316. [PMID: 26312485 PMCID: PMC4552378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a re-emerging arbovirus in South America. In 2005, an encephalitis outbreak caused by SLEV was reported in Argentina. The reason for the outbreak remains unknown, but may have been related to virological factors, changes in vectors populations, avian amplifying hosts, and/or environmental conditions. The main goal of this study was to characterize the complete genome of epidemic and non-epidemic SLEV strains from Argentina. Seventeen amino acid changes were detected; ten were non-conservative and located in proteins E, NS1, NS3 and NS5. Phylogenetic analysis showed two major clades based on geography: the North America and northern Central America (NAnCA) clade and the South America and southern Central America (SAsCA) clade. Interestingly, the presence of SAsCA genotype V SLEV strains in the NAnCA clade was reported in California, Florida and Texas, overlapping with known bird migration flyways. This work represents the first step in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence and biological variation among SLEV strains.
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