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An HX, Ma RJ, Cao TQ, Liu C, Ji HY, Liu AJ. Preparation and anti-tumor effect of pig spleen ethanol extract against mouse S180 sarcoma cells in vivo. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Transfer Factor: Myths and Facts. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:613-622. [PMID: 32654883 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transfer factor (TF), also called "Lawrence transfer factor", or dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE), has been used since the mid-twentieth century to transfer specific skin hypersensitivity through the injection of leukocytes from immunized donors to animals and humans. The main mechanism of action of TF has been suggested at the level of cell-mediated immunity, as it induces the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Otherwise, TF can inhibit nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and decrease tumoral necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and IL-4 levels. Given these biological effects, TF has been prescribed for a wide variety of conditions including infections, allergies, autoimmunity, and cancer, with inconsistent results. The exact nature of TF, however, remains unknown, so it has been impossible to accurately define its pharmacokinetics or dosage. This is further complicated because researchers have used TF in a variety of ways across the different studies: antigen-specific or non-antigen-specific, orally or subcutaneously administered, human and non-human origin. In this review we summarize the most important data about what TF is, its mechanism of action, how it is produced, its biological effects, and the available clinical trials using it, in order to establish its role and potential clinical applications in modern medicine.
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Huang Q, Qian H, Feng D, Wang Y, Luo N, Lu S, Shi Q, Zhang M, Lu Y, Tan L. Quality consistency evaluation of commercial transfer factor injections by chromatographic fingerprint combined with multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2042-2052. [PMID: 32103558 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current quality control methods relying mainly on chromogenic reaction can hardly ensure the quality and safety of the biochemical drug with complex chemical composition. Therefore, a chromatographic fingerprint method was developed for the quality evaluation of a multicomponent biochemical drug, transfer factor injection. High-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint was measured by using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid-water and 0.085% trifluoroacetic acid-acetonitrile under gradient elution. The developed method was validated and was subsequently applied to 57 batches of commercial products which were sampled by National Drug Assessment Program. High-resolution mass spectrometry analysis was performed on characteristic peaks of fingerprints, and a series of amino acids, nucleosides, and deoxynucleosides were identified. In the fingerprint assessments, principal component analysis and Hotelling T2 analysis yielded the best results. The results generally indicated that there was a significant difference among products of batch-to-batch or from different manufacturers. Abnormal samples and its discriminatory components were also explored. In summary, the established fingerprinting method with multivariate statistical analysis could offer an efficient, reliable, and practical approach for quality consistency evaluation of transfer factor injection, providing a reference for the quality control of other multicomponent biochemical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Qian
- Department of biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dong Feng
- Key laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Nan Luo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Suya Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qingshui Shi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yihong Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Li Tan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control, Nanjing, P. R. China
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