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Vilela DG, Campos GO, Fontana CE, De Martin AS, Bueno CEDS, Kato AS. Evaluation of pulp tissue dissolution capacity through different sodium hypochlorite agitation protocols. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:639-643. [PMID: 38989497 PMCID: PMC11232767 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_73_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Aims This ex vivo study aimed to assess the dissolving capacity of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite using eight agitation protocols within swine pulp tissue. Subjects and Methods Twelve lower first premolars were prepared and split into the fragments with a groove housing porcine dental pulp. Groups were assigned based on agitation systems: manual, passive ultrasonic, Easy Clean and XP-Endo Finisher. Two agitation time protocols were applied: One min (3 s × 20 s cycles) and 2 min (6 s × 20 s cycles). Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups. Results Both time frames demonstrated superior results compared to manual group (P > 0.5). However, in the two min groups, no significant differences were observed among the other protocols (P < 0.5). Intriguingly, increasing cycle numbers significantly improved results within each group (P > 0.5). Conclusion Extending the chemical agitation time during final irrigation enhances tissue removal, regardless of the irrigation protocol employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomes Vilela
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, São Leopoldo Mandic, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Oliveira Campos
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculdade Patos de Minas, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fontana
- Departament of Center for Healthy Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Augusto Shoji Kato
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Krishnan CS, Tompkins GR, Lyons KM, Cannon RD. Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi-purpose biocide in dental healthcare-A scoping review. Gerodontology 2023; 40:422-462. [PMID: 37694292 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this scoping review was to map evidence of electrolysed oxidising water (EOW) as a biocide for dental applications of relevance to older people and identify research gaps. BACKGROUND EOW is an emerging, "green," and cost-effective biocide. There are no reviews on the landscape of EOW research as either an antiseptic or disinfectant in dental healthcare or its suitability for the oral healthcare of older people. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review follows the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Database searches (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Scopus and Science Direct) were undertaken using MESH terms and Boolean operators with no date restrictions, to identify full-text, original reports published in English-language peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS The search yielded 114 papers that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Dental applications of EOW include its use as an endodontic irrigant (39%); mouth rinse/surgical irrigant (21%); disinfectant for dental unit water lines (19%) and dental biomaterials (17%); and for antimicrobial efficacy, effects on oral tissues and on dental material properties. Most studies (83%) evaluated a single EOW formulation (acidic, moderately acidic or neutral) that was either generated at 'point-of-use' (POU; 72%), bottled ('ready-to-use', RTU; 24%) or from unspecified (3%) sources. Six reports evaluated storage-related parameters and 25 evaluated clinical applications; 89 were in vitro studies and one investigated the cost-effectiveness of POU EOW. CONCLUSIONS Neutral-pH, EOW is effective as an antimicrobial agent without deleterious effects on oral tissues. However, research on the impact of storage conditions, anti-Candida biofilm efficacy and mechanism of action against yeasts, long-term effects on denture materials and cost-effectiveness is required to establish the suitability of EOW as a multipurpose biocide for dental healthcare, including infection-control requirements relating to older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra S Krishnan
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey R Tompkins
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Karl M Lyons
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Cannon
- Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Effect of Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation over Organic Tissue of Simulated Internal Root Resorption. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:3130813. [PMID: 34745262 PMCID: PMC8570868 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3130813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) on dissolving the organic tissue inside simulated internal root resorption (IRR) using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or chlorhexidine (CHX). A total of 40 human lower premolars were collected based on dimensional and morphological similarities. The roots were embedded in cylinders (3 cm diameter; 2.5 cm height) of self-cured acrylic resin, and then an IRR was simulated. The specimens were divided into 4 groups (n = 10) according to irrigation protocols: group 1: CHX + PUI; group 2: CHX; group 3: NaOCl + PUI; group 4: NaOCl. The total irrigation time was 150 s at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. A tissue mass of porcine palatine mucosa was used to simulate the organic tissue, it was weighed before and after the irrigation using an analytic balance, and the difference between both readings was calculated and transferred to percentage values. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using two-way ANOVA (factors: irrigant type and with/without PUI) and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons among the experimental groups (α = 0.05). There was a significant difference in both factors (irrigant: p=0.04; PUI: p ≤ 0.001). The groups that used PUI were more effective in dissolving the organic tissue of the IRR simulation than the groups without PUI. PUI is more effective than the syringe and needle irrigation in organic tissue dissolution.
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Iandolo A, Amato M, Abdellatif D, Barbosa AFA, Pantaleo G, Blasi A, Franco V, Silva EJNL. Effect of different final irrigation protocols on pulp tissue dissolution from an isthmus model. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 47:538-543. [PMID: 33905149 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the pulp tissue dissolution from isthmus of a two-rooted maxillary premolar using different final irrigation protocols. After root canal preparation, the surface of the tooth was reduced to an extent that the isthmus could be observed, and 1 mg of pulp tissue was introduced into the isthmus which was covered with a glass slide. Following six groups were tested: syringe and needle; subsonic activation; sonic activation; ultrasonic activation; heating followed by sonic activation; and heating followed by ultrasonic activation. Before and after each experiment a photograph of the isthmus was taken at 30× to register the area of the pulp tissue. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (P < 0.05). Syringe and needle group showed the lower value of pulp tissue dissolution followed by subsonic irrigation procedures. Pulp tissue dissolution was significantly higher when heating was followed by sonic or ultrasonic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Iandolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Massimo Amato
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Dina Abdellatif
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ana Flávia A Barbosa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Andrea Blasi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio Franco
- Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emmanuel J N L Silva
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Grande Rio University (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Güçlüer Ö, Akarsu E, Yavuz E, Er K, Kuştarcı A. Human pulp tissue dissolution ability of different extracts of Sapindus mukorossi: An in vitro study. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:178-182. [PMID: 36119798 PMCID: PMC9476676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Due to the many negative properties of sodium hypochlorite used in current root canal treatment, interest in biocompatible natural agents is increasing day by day. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether various extract solutions of Sapindus mukorossi have dissolution effects on human pulp tissues. Methods Primarily powder extracts were obtained by extracting fruit shells of S. mukorossi in different solvents (ethanol, methanol, buthanol and distilled water). The test solutions were prepared and randomly separated into six groups with 10 samples in each group: ethanol extract, methanol extract, butanol extract, distilled water extract of S. mukorossi, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and the control group. Among these, S. mukorossi extracts were separated into two subgroups, depending on their concentration level (50 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL). The pulp tissues of freshly extracted human molars were used for dissolution test. The weights of the pulpal tissues were measured and recorded for two times after the samples were placed in the solutions. Statistical analysis for all descriptive statistics was performed using SPSS 22 (P < 0.05). Results Our results showed that maximum percent yield of preparation was obtained in methanol extract of S. mukorossi. Among all of the groups, the best dissolution capacity was seen in the NaOCl group (positive control group). Among S. mukorossi groups, the best tissue solvent solution was found in SMM group at 50 µg/mL and SMB group at 100 µg/mL. Conclusion The different extracts of S. mukorossi had a capacity to dissolve pulp tissue but this capacity was less than NaOCl. Therefore, further studies will enable the creation of a commercial solution for clinical use by increasing the effectiveness of S. mukorossi while combining it with other endodontic irrigation solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Öznur Güçlüer
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - Esin Akarsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Emre Yavuz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Kürşat Er
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Alper Kuştarcı
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
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Calcium Hypochlorite Solutions - An In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Action and Pulp Dissolution. Eur Endod J 2019; 4:15-20. [PMID: 32161881 PMCID: PMC7006560 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2018.64936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To compare the antimicrobial activity and tissue dissolution capacity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2) solution with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution at 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.25% concentrations. Methods: To determine the inhibition halos produced by the tested substances against Enterococcus faecalis, the agar diffusion method was employed. Additionally, the broth contact method was used to determine the time required for the inhibition of E. faecalis. Bovine pulp fragments were used to test the dissolution. Half of the pulps were freely deposited samples in cell culture wells, and the remaining samples were fixed on bovine dentine bases. Results: For both Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl solutions, the greatest inhibition zones were observed at 5.25% con-centration. However, the most significant inhibition zone was measured with 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 solution (17.38 mm). Hypochlorite solutions at 2.5% and 5.25% concentrations required less time to inhibit E. faecalis than those at 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations (P<0.05). There was no difference in inhibition times between 2.5% and 5.25% hypochlorite solutions (P>0.05). The most effective hypochlorite solution concentrations were 5.25% and 2.5% for dissolving pulp fragments (P<0.05). Additionally, suspended pulp fragments were more susceptible to dissolution than fragments attached to dentine blocks (P<0.05), except for 0.5% Ca(OCl)2. Conclusion: Ca(OCl)2 solutions showed antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and can dissolve pulp tissues. Future studies are warranted to examine the suitability of Ca(OCl)2 in the chemico–mechanical preparation of the root canal system.
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Iglesias JE, Pinheiro LS, Weibel DE, Montagner F, Grecca FS. Influence of surfactants addition on the properties of calcium hypochlorite solutions. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180157. [PMID: 30624467 PMCID: PMC6322640 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surfactants 0.2% or 0.1% cetrimide (Cet) or 0.008% benzalkonium chloride (BAK) on 2.5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and compare to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), regarding the properties of pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Material and Methods The pH and free chlorine content were evaluated by digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was measured by the platinum ring technique with a Du Noüy tensiometer. The solution's contact angle in human dentin surfaces was checked by Drop Shape Analyzer software. Bovine pulps were used for pulp dissolution analysis and the dissolving capacity was expressed by percent weight loss. Antimicrobial activity over Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Results Surfactants addition to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl did not alter the pH, free chlorine content and pulp dissolution properties. Ca(OCl)2 had the highest surface tension among all tested solutions. When surfactants were added to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl, there was a significant reduction of surface tension and contact angle values. The addition of 0.2% or 0.1% Cet enhanced antimicrobial activity of both Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Conclusion Surfactant addition to 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 has shown acceptable outcomes for pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the addition of 0.2% Cet showed better results for all tested properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Eick Iglesias
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Lucas Siqueira Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Daniel Eduardo Weibel
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Físico-Química, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Francisco Montagner
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Soares Grecca
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontologia Conservadora, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Nogales CG, Ferreira MB, Montemor AF, Rodrigues MFDA, Lage-Marques JL, Antoniazzi JH. Ozone therapy as an adjuvant for endondontic protocols: microbiological - ex vivo study and citotoxicity analyses. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 24:607-613. [PMID: 28076466 PMCID: PMC5161259 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720160029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of ozone therapy in teeth contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus using a mono-species biofilm model. Parallel to this, the study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of ozone for human gingival fibroblasts. Material and Methods: One hundred and eighty single-root teeth were contaminated with a mono-species biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Groups were formed: Group I - control; Group II - standard protocol; Group III - standard protocol + ozone gas at 40 µg/mL; and Group IV - standard protocol + aqueous ozone at 8 µg/mL. In parallel, human gingival fibroblasts were submitted to the MTT test. Cells were plated, then ozone was applied as follows: Group I (control) - broth medium; Group II - aqueous ozone at 2 µg/mL; Group III - aqueous ozone at 5 µg/mL; and Group IV - aqueous ozone at 8 µg/mL. Data were submitted to the Kruskal Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc analyses to assess microbiology and cytotoxicity, respectively (p<0.05%). Results The results revealed antimicrobial efficacy by Group IV with no CFU count. The cytotoxicity assay showed Groups III and IV to be the most aggressive, providing a decrease in cell viability at hour 0 from 100% to 77.3% and 68.6%, respectively. Such a decrease in cell viability was reverted, and after 72 hours Groups III and IV provided the greatest increase in cell viability, being statistically different from Groups I and II. Conclusion According to the applied methodology and the limitations of this study, it was possible to conclude that ozone therapy improved the decontamination of the root canal ex vivo. Ozone was toxic to the cells on first contact, but cell viability was recovered. Thus, these findings suggest that ozone might be useful to improve root canal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Goes Nogales
- - Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Endodontia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Beloti Ferreira
- - Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Endodontia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Antonio Fernando Montemor
- - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo - IBL Núcleo de Bionanomanufatura, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - José Luiz Lage-Marques
- - Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Endodontia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - João Humberto Antoniazzi
- - Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Endodontia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Frough-Reyhani M, Ghasemi N, Soroush-Barhaghi M, Amini M, Gholizadeh Y. Antimicrobial efficacy of different concentration of sodium hypochlorite on the biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis at different stages of development. J Clin Exp Dent 2016; 8:e480-e484. [PMID: 27957257 PMCID: PMC5149078 DOI: 10.4317/jced.53158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persistent infection of the root canal due to the presence of resistance bacterial species, such as Enterococcus faecalis, has always been one of the most important reasons for endodontic treatment failure. This study investigated the antimicrobial efficacy of 1%, 2.5 % and 5% sodium hypochlorite in eliminating E. faecalis biofilms at different stages of development. Material and Methods In this study 4-, 6- and 10-week-old E. faecalis biofilms were subjected to one of the following approaches: phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) or 1%, 2.5% and 5% NaOCl. Dentin chip suspensions were used for colony forming unit (CFU) counting to estimate remaining E. faecalis counts. Statistical comparison of the means was carried out with Kruskal-Wallis test, and pair-wise comparisons were made by Mann-Whitney U test, at a significance level of P<0.05. Results The results showed that 2.5% and 5% NaOCl completely eliminated E. faecalis biofilms in three stages of biofilm development, whereas 1% NaOCl resulted in 85.73%, 81.88% and 78.62% decreases in bacterial counts in 4-, 6- and 10-week-old biofilms, respectively, which was significantly more than those with PBS (p<0.05). Conclusions The bacteria in mature and old biofilms were more resistant to 1% NaOCl than were the bacteria in young biofilms. Overall survival rate and residual bacteria increased with biofilm aging. Key words:Antibacterial, biofilm, E. faecalis, sodium hypochlorite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Negin Ghasemi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Dental Faculty, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahsa Amini
- Endodontist at private practice, Tabriz, Iran
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