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Khairunnisa Z, Tuygunov N, Cahyanto A, Aznita WH, Purwasena IA, Noor NSM, Azami NH, Zakaria MN. Potential of microbial-derived biosurfactants for oral applications-a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:707. [PMID: 38898470 PMCID: PMC11186162 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04479-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biosurfactants are amphiphilic compounds produced by various microorganisms. Current research evaluates diverse types of biosurfactants against a range of oral pathogens. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to explore the potential of microbial-derived biosurfactants for oral applications. METHODOLOGY A systematic literature search was performed utilizing PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with designated keywords. The results were registered in the PROSPERO database and conducted following the PRISMA checklist. Criteria for eligibility, guided by the PICOS framework, were established for both inclusion and exclusion criteria. The QUIN tool was used to assess the bias risk for in vitro dentistry studies. RESULTS Among the initial 357 findings, ten studies were selected for further analysis. The outcomes of this systematic review reveal that both crude and purified forms of biosurfactants exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against various oral pathogens. Noteworthy applications of biosurfactants in oral products include mouthwash, toothpaste, and implant coating. CONCLUSION Biosurfactants have garnered considerable interest and demonstrated their potential for application in oral health. This is attributed to their surface-active properties, antiadhesive activity, biodegradability, and antimicrobial effectiveness against a variety of oral microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khairunnisa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Jenderal Achmad Yani, Cimahi, 40525, Indonesia
| | - N Tuygunov
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - A Cahyanto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - W H Aznita
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - I A Purwasena
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
| | - N S M Noor
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - N H Azami
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - M N Zakaria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
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Francese MM, Urasaki BAN, de Barros MC, Ferrari CR, Grizzo LT, Magalhães AC. Toothpaste containing TiF 4 and chitosan against erosive tooth wear in situ. J Dent 2024; 145:104977. [PMID: 38582434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the protective effect of an experimental TiF4/Chitosan toothpaste with a commercial toothpaste on the prevention of erosive tooth wear (ETW) in situ. METHODS Fifteen subjects took part in this crossover and double-blind study, in which they wore a palatal appliance containing 4 bovine enamel and 4 dentin in 3 phases (5 days each). Half of the samples were subjected to erosive challenges (90 s in 0.1 % citric acid, pH 2.5, 4 times/day), and the other half to erosive plus abrasive challenges (15 s plus 45 s of contact, 2 times/day). The phases corresponded to the application of the different toothpastes: 1) TiF4 (1400 ppm F-) plus Chitosan, 2) Elmex®, Erosion Protection (1400 ppm F-, Chitosan), and 3) Placebo (negative control). Tooth wear was measured using contact profilometry (μm) and submitted to two-way RM ANOVA/Tukey test (p < 0.05). RESULTS No significant differences were detected between the experimental and commercial toothpastes, regardless of the challenge on both tissues. Both significantly reduce ETW compared to negative control (p < 0.0006). Tooth wear was increased by brushing only on eroded enamel (p < 0.01), but not on dentin (p = 0.6085). TiF4/Chitosan [erosion 2.98 ± 1.12 μm vs. erosion and abrasion 3.12 ± 1.33 μm] and Elmex® toothpastes [erosion 2.35 ± 0.93 μm vs. erosion and abrasion 2.98 ± 1.0 μm] minimized the impact of brushing compared to placebo on enamel [erosion 4.62 ± 1.48 μm vs. erosion and abrasion 5.15 ± 1.50 μm]. CONCLUSIONS TiF4 plus chitosan toothpastes showed to be effective in minimizing the ETW as the commercial toothpaste is in situ. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The experimental toothpaste has similar effect against ETW compared to the commercial toothpaste. Considering the increased ETW prevalence worldwide, this result supports clinical trials and a possible application of this experimental anti-erosive toothpaste in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Malta Francese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Carvalho de Barros
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ruis Ferrari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Tercilia Grizzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Magalhães
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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Rajput YN, Girase CD, Kedar RP, Deshpande PS, Kulkarni RD. Microwave‐assisted low‐cost synthesis of sucrose‐soya ester from vegetable oil refinery by‐product and its application in toothpaste formulation for oral hygiene. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshsing N. Rajput
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Chetan D. Girase
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Rahul P. Kedar
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Priya S. Deshpande
- Department of Technical and Applied Chemistry Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute Mumbai India
| | - Ravindra D. Kulkarni
- Department of Oils, Oleochemicals and Surfactants Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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Kim JH, Kim S, Truong VM, Lee JW, Park YS. Is whitening toothpaste safe for dental health?: RDA-PE method. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:731-740. [PMID: 35793939 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The relative dentin abrasivity-profilometry equivalent values were compared using non-contact profilometry with three subtypes of regular toothpaste and two subtypes of whitening toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate and 35% hydrogen peroxide. Bovine dentin specimens were assigned to six groups: regular toothpaste (R): R1 (BAMBOO SALT GUM OINTMENT); R2 (MEDIAN TARTAR ORIGINAL); R3 (PERIOE Alpha), Reference slurry: RS (calcium pyrophosphate), whitening toothpaste (W): W1 (NET. WT); W2 (Vussen 28 WHITENING). Relative dentin abrasion-profilometry equivalent (RDA-PE) was determined by brushing 10,000 times (n=8). The pH of the toothpaste was measured (n=5) and the abrasive constituents of the toothpaste was analyzed by FE-SEM and EDS. The RDA-PE values ranged from 26 to166, and the pH level ranges were 4.928-9.153. The RDA-PE value of the whitening toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide was not high compared with that of the regular toothpaste. The RDA-PE values of whitening toothpaste could vary depending on the mechanism and ingredients of the whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Van Mai Truong
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Joo Won Lee
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University.,Center future of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
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Dutra H, Barbosa I, Câmara JV, Pereira G. Influence of brushing with natural dentifrices on color change: In vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e809-e816. [PMID: 34512921 PMCID: PMC8412801 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate in vitro the influence of daily brushing with the use of natural toothpastes on the color change of enamel in bovine teeth.
Material and Methods Four dentifrices were used, one conventional Colgate Total 12 - Clean Mint (G1), and three natural, Contented Toothpaste with Organic and Natural Ingredients (G2); Dental Toothpaste (G3) and Aliv-Gaia Toothpaste (G4). Eighty bovine teeth were distributed in four experimental groups with 20 teeth each (n = 20). The buccal enamel surface of the teeth was subjected to brushing, with the related dentifrices of each group, for 2.13 seconds three times a day, with an electric brush Oral B 5000 Professional Care. Before and after brushing, color measurement tests with a spectrophotometer were performed. The color variation was calculated using the formula ΔE = [(ΔL *) 2+ (Δa *) 2+ (Δb *)2] 1/2. The results obtained were tabulated and submitted to the Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test.
Results The color change (ΔE) observed was 7.551 and p-value equal to 0.056, determining that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. However, qualitative tests showed the clearing of all experimental groups, G3 with the greatest change, followed by G2, G1 and G4.
Conclusions The evaluated dentifrices were not able to promote color change. Key words:Dental enamel, plant extracts, saliva, artificial, dentifrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dutra
- MSc, Department of Dental Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabel Barbosa
- PhD, Department of Restorative Detistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João-Victor Câmara
- Master student, Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Pereira
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Dental Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Pinelli MDM, Catelan A, de Resende LFM, Soares LES, Aguiar FHB, Liporoni PCS. Chemical composition and roughness of enamel and composite after bleaching, acidic beverages and toothbrushing. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e1175-e1180. [PMID: 31824600 PMCID: PMC6894915 DOI: 10.4317/jced.56442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study was assessed the surface roughness and chemical composition of tooth enamel and composite resin after bleaching treatment, immersion in acidic beverages, and simulated toothbrushing. Material and Methods One hundred and twenty dental blocks (10 x 10 x 3 mm) were randomly assigned (n = 10) according to surface treatment [none (N), bleaching (B), toothbrushing (T), and B+T] and storage medium [saliva (S), whiskey (W), and orange juice (O)]: experimental groups - N+S, N+W, N+O, B+S, B+W, B+O, S+T, W+T, O+T, B+S+T, B+W+T, and B+O+T. Two bleaching sessions were conducted using 38% hydrogen peroxide (3 applications). Surface roughness was measured using a roughness tester and composition was determined by micro energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µ-EDXRF) before and after treatments. Calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio in enamel and silica (Si) content in composite were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Results Overall, increased values of surface roughness for enamel and composite were observed mainly after immersion in orange juice and bleaching/toothbrushing association. Moreover, this association and immersion in whiskey resulted in lower Ca/P ratio and after aging methods, bleached and bleached/toothbrushed groups showed decreased in Ca/P ratio compared to initial values. All groups showed Si content decrease at the end, except the group without surface treatment and immersed in saliva, and bleaching followed by immersion in orange juice and toothbrushing caused the highest Si reduction. Conclusions Bleaching and toothbrushing combination strengthened the effects caused by acidic drinks on roughness and chemical composition of enamel and composite. Key words:Tooth bleaching, toothbrushing, physical properties, chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Catelan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, SP, Brazil.,Assistant Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western São Paulo, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luís-Eduardo-Silva Soares
- Assistant Professor, Laboratory of Dentistry and Applied Materials (LDAM), Research and Development Institute (IP&D), University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio-Henrique-Baggio Aguiar
- Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Resende AHM, Farias JM, Silva DDB, Rufino RD, Luna JM, Stamford TCM, Sarubbo LA. Application of biosurfactants and chitosan in toothpaste formulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:77-84. [PMID: 31125921 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to formulate toothpastes containing biosurfactants and either fungal chitosan or sodium fluoride and evaluate the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial action and inhibition potential against biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans. Chitosan was extracted from the biomass of the fungus Mucorales. We tested biosurfactants produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCP 0992 (PB), Bacillus metylotrophicus UCP 1616 (BB) and Candida bombicola URM 3718 (CB). Fractional inhibitory concentration analysis was performed to determine the type of interaction between the compounds. Six toothpaste were prepared, the active ingredients of which were the biosurfactants, chitosan or sodium fluoride. The cytotoxicity tests were performed using the 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for the L929 (mouse fibroblast) and RAW 264.7 (mouse macrophage) cell lines. The toothpastes were tested with regard to pH, consistency and foaming capacity. The inhibition of biofilm was investigated by applying the toothpaste to biofilm formed in modified artificial saliva for 24 h at 37 °C in anaerobiosis. All substances had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for S. mutans. The combinations of CB and PB with chitosan had an additive effect against S. mutans, whereas BB combined with chitosan had an indifferent effect. The toothpastes were non-toxic. The formulations had pH around 9, spreading capacity between 8 and 17 mm and foaming capacity between 63 and 95%. All formulations inhibited the cellular viability of S. mutans in the biofilm, with similar results compared to the commercial toothpaste tested. The present results show that the formulations suggested are promising when compared to a commercial tooth paste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Helena M Resende
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, CEP: 50050-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Farias
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, CEP: 50050-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dhanilo D B Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, n. 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raquel D Rufino
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, CEP: 50050-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Faculdade de Integração do Sertão (FIS), Rua João Luiz de Melo, 2110, Tancredo Neves, 56.909-205, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Luna
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, CEP: 50050-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Joaquim de Brito, n. 216, Boa Vista, CEP: 50070-280, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thayza Christina M Stamford
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, n. 1235, Cidade Universitária, CEP: 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Leonie A Sarubbo
- Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, CEP: 50050-900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Instituto Avançado de Tecnologia e Inovação (IATI), Rua Joaquim de Brito, n. 216, Boa Vista, CEP: 50070-280, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Bouassida M, Fourati N, Krichen F, Zouari R, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, Ghribi D. Potential application of Bacillus subtilis SPB1 lipopeptides in toothpaste formulation. J Adv Res 2017; 8:425-433. [PMID: 28721297 PMCID: PMC5499026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of a lipopeptide biosurfactant in a toothpaste formulation. The investigation of the physicochemical properties and the cleaning ability of the formulated toothpaste. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the formulated toothpaste. The follow-up of the formulated toothpaste stability.
Toothpaste is a gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean, keep and promote oral hygiene. The literature review suggests that there are many different formulations of toothpastes and that each of their individual components present specific functions. The concentration of the toothpaste ingredients must be appropriately chosen taking into account the purposes of the toothpaste. Biosurfactants are considered as suitable molecules for application in many formulations such as in toothpaste one. In the present work, two dentifrice formulations were investigated and their efficiencies were tested using chemical surfactant agent and lipopeptide biosurfactant isolated from Bacillus subtilis SPB1. The physicochemical properties were analyzed considering several tests mainly spreading ability, water activity, pH, foaming and cleaning tests. The obtained results indicated that the SPB1 biosurfactant was as efficient as the chemical surfactant confirming its potential utilization in toothpaste formulation compared to the commercial one. The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the formulated dentifrice was carried out against eight bacteria. The results demonstrated that the biosurfactant-based product exhibited an important antimicrobial activity, which was very effective against Enterobacter sp and Salmonella typhinirium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Bouassida
- University of Sfax, ENIS, Unit of Enzymes and Bioconcersion, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nada Fourati
- University of Sfax, ENIS, Unit of Enzymes and Bioconcersion, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Krichen
- University of Sfax, ENIS, Unit of Enzymes and Bioconcersion, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Raida Zouari
- University of Sfax, ENIS, Unit of Enzymes and Bioconcersion, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Semia Ellouz-Chaabouni
- University of Sfax, ENIS, Unit of Enzymes and Bioconcersion, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Dhouha Ghribi
- University of Sfax, ENIS, Unit of Enzymes and Bioconcersion, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.,University of Sfax, ISBS, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, Road Soukra km 4, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Pintado-Palomino K, Vasconcelos CVM, Silva RJD, Fressatti ALDM, Motta BJGD, Pires-DE-Souza FDCP, Tirapelli C. Effect of whitening dentifrices: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e82. [PMID: 27737352 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate tooth color changes (ΔE) and tooth sensitivity (TS) associated with whitening dentifrices. Sixty participants were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and then allocated to three groups (n = 20): Colgate Luminous White (G1), Close Up White Now (G2) and Sorriso dentifrice (G3-control). The participants were instructed to use only the provided dentifrice and toothbrush in standardized oral hygiene procedures for 4 weeks. ΔE was assessed by spectrophotometry (CIELab System) whereas TS was determined by a visual analog scale at baseline and weekly using four assessment points. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test and Friedman test (α = 0.05). ΔE (baseline-assessment point 4) showed no significant difference (p>0.05) across the groups: G1 (ΔE = 5.1), G2 (ΔE = 6.8), and G3 (ΔE = 4.4). Δb (baseline-assessment point 4) was significantly different (p < 0.05) in G2 (3.8) when compared to G1 (-0.2) and G3 (0.3). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in TS at baseline. Both the control and whitening dentifrices caused similar tooth color changes (ΔE). There was no significant TS during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Pintado-Palomino
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecília Vilela Matias Vasconcelos
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Juns da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila Tirapelli
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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