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Silva ID, Boaro LCC, Muniz BV, Cogo-Muller K, Gonçalves F, Brandt WC. The impact of chitosan in experimental resin with different photoinitiator systems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 150:106323. [PMID: 38134585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to investigate the effect of different concentrations of chitosan added to experimental resins containing either BAPO or camphorquinone (CQ) as photoinitiators, regarding degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS), flexural elastic modulus (E), Knoop microhardness (KHN), cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. METHODS Experimental resins with polymeric matrix of BisGMA and TEGDMA was added either 0.5 wt% BAPO or 0.5 wt% camphorquinone/0.2% amine along with and chitosan concentrations of 0.5%; 1.0% or 2.0%. Degree of conversion was measured using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were obtained through three-point bending test and Knoop microhardness was measured in a microidenter. Direct cytotoxicity was performed in human keratinocytes and genotoxicity test was done in murine macrophages cells. Antimicrobial activity was acessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans through the inhibition halo. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey teste (α = 0.05). RESULTS The materials containing photoinitiator BAPO showed higher values of DC, FS, E, and KHN compared to resins with CQ. The addition of chitosan did not affect the properties of these materials. However, in resins containing CQ, the addition of chitosan improve these properties compared to control group. For the groups containing BAPO the chitosan reduced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity compared to materials with camphorquinone. The materials with 1.0% and 2.0% chitosan showed increased antibacterial activity in the materials containing BAPO as photoinitiator for both bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE The alternative photoinitiator BAPO and chitosan can improve physical and biological properties of photoactivated resins when compared with the materials with photoinitiator camphorquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaías Donizeti Silva
- Dental School, University of Santo Amaro, Rua Professor Eneas de Siqueira Neto, 340, CEP: 04829-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Cristina Cidreira Boaro
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Dental Clinic Building, 105, Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E4, Canada.
| | - Bruno Vilela Muniz
- Itapeva Faculty of Social and Agrarian Sciences, Pilão dágua -Rod. Francsco Alves Negrão, Km 285, CEP 18412-000, Itapeva, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Karina Cogo-Muller
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Candido Portinari, 200, CEP: 13083-871, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Flávia Gonçalves
- Dental School, University of Santo Amaro, Rua Professor Eneas de Siqueira Neto, 340, CEP: 04829-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - William Cunha Brandt
- Dental School, University of Santo Amaro, Rua Professor Eneas de Siqueira Neto, 340, CEP: 04829-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Evaluation of the Selected Mechanical and Aesthetic Properties of Experimental Resin Dental Composites Containing 1-phenyl-1,2 Propanedione or Phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine Oxide as a Photoinitiator. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065573. [PMID: 36982646 PMCID: PMC10053791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to compare the mechanical properties of experimental resin dental composites containing a conventional photoinitiating system (camphorquinone CQ and 2-(dimethylami-no)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA)) to a photoinitiator system containing 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione (PPD) with 2-(dimethylami-no)ethyl methacrylate) or acting alone phenylbis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO). The manually produced composites consisted of an organic matrix: bis-GMA (60 wt. %), TEGDMA (40 wt. %), and silanized silica filler (45 wt. %). The composites contained 0.4/0.8 wt. %, 0.8/1.6 wt. %, and 1/2 wt. % of PPD/DMAEMA and another group included 0.25, 0.5, or 1 wt. % of BAPO. Vickers hardness, microhardness (in the nanoindentation test), diametral tensile strength, and flexural strength were assessed, and CIE L* a* b* colorimetric analysis was conducted for each composite produced. The highest average Vickers hardness values were obtained for the composite containing 1 wt. % BAPO (43.73 ± 3.52 HV). There was no statistical difference in the results of diametral tensile strength for the experimental composites tested. The results of 3-point bending tests were the highest for composites containing CQ (77.3 ± 8.84 MPa). Despite the higher hardness of experimental composites including PPD or BAPO, compared with composites with CQ, the overall results indicate that the composite with CQ still represents a better solution when used as a photoinitiator system. Moreover, the composites containing PPD and DMAEMA are not promising in terms of color or mechanical properties, especially as they require significantly longer irradiation times.
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Moreira AG, Cuevas-Suárez CE, Ribeiro JS, Maass JB, Piva E, de Moraes RR, Bottino MC, Lima GDS. Development of functional fillers as a self-healing system for dental resin composite. J Dent 2022; 127:104313. [PMID: 36208856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the incorporation of repairing capsules containing different monomers and polymerization modulators on the self-healing efficiency of an experimental photopolymerizable resin-based composite. METHODS Self-healing capsules containing different monomers and polymerization modulators were prepared by emulsion polymerization: TCDHEPT (TEGDMA and DHEPT), BTCDHEPT (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and DHEPT), and BTCBPO (Bis-GMA, TEGDMA, and BPO). The capsules were analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The capsules were added into experimental photopolymerizable resin composites establishing the following groups: ER (Control without capsules), ER+BPO, ER+BPO+TCDHEPT, and ER+BTCBPO+BTCDHEPT. Filtek Z350 resin composite (3 M ESPE) was used as a commercial reference. The materials were tested for degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (σf), elastic modulus (Ef), fracture toughness (virgin KIC), self-healing efficiency (healed KIC), and roughness. For statistical analysis, the significance value was established at an a = 0.05 level. RESULTS When compared to the control material, the incorporation of repairing capsules did not affect DC, σf, and Ef. Fracture toughness was statistically similar between the experimental groups (p ≤ 0.05). Healed KIC was statistically different between the groups ER+TCDHEP and ER+BTCBPO+BTCDHEPT; the self-healing efficiency was higher for ER+TCDHEPT. Surface roughness was statistically similar among all groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of self-healing capsules promoted repair of the material. Studies with material aging after the self-healing process are necessary to better demonstrate the effectiveness of this system. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The self-healing system seemed to be a promising technology to be used in self-repaired restorative materials, which may prevent restoration fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Goicochea Moreira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Julianne Bartz Maass
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Evandro Piva
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ratto de Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco Cícero Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Giana da Silveira Lima
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Varshney I, Jha P, Nikhil V. Effect of monowave and polywave light curing on the degree of conversion and microhardness of composites with different photoinitiators: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:661-665. [PMID: 36591587 PMCID: PMC9795691 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_223_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light-curing units (LCUs) on the degree of conversion (DC) and microhardness of composites with varying photoinitiator systems. Materials and Methodology Two groups were formed based on LCU - monowave (Group M) and polywave (Group P). Each group was further divided into two subgroups based on photoinitiator systems - combination of camphorquinone (CQ), Ivocerin, and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide (Subgroup CIT) and only CQ (Subgroup C) in the composite. Samples prepared were 4 mm thick. Microhardness was measured at bottom surface by Vickers hardness tester, and DC was evaluated by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy. Statistical Analysis Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. Results Both the mean microhardness and DC of composite in subgroup C were similar (P > 0.05) in Group M (52.42 ± 2.67 and 48.30 ± 5.81) and Group P (51.77 ± 1.96 and 48.50 ± 4.87). The mean microhardness of composite containing a combination of photoinitiators was more in Group P (57.09 ± 2.61) as compared to Group M (47.37 ± 3.51). The mean DC was higher in Group P (59.75 ± 5.30) as compared to Group M (39.70 ± 3.57), and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion The type of LCU affects DC and microhardness only in the case of composites containing a combination of photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Varshney
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Padmanabh Jha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Nikhil
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Can TPO as Photoinitiator Replace "Golden Mean" Camphorquinone and Tertiary Amines in Dental Composites? Testing Experimental Composites Containing Different Concentration of Diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine Oxide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911594. [PMID: 36232894 PMCID: PMC9569800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to compare the biomechanical properties of experimental composites containing a classic photoinitiating system (camphorquinone and 2-(dimethylami-no)ethyl methacrylate) or diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) as a photoinitiator. The produced light-cured composites consisted of an organic matrix-Bis-GMA (60 wt.%), TEGDMA (40 wt.%) and silanized silica filler (45 wt.%). Composites contained 0.27; 0.5; 0.75 or 1 wt.% TPO. Vickers hardness, microhardness (in the nanoindentation test), diametral tensile strength, resistance to three-point bending and the CIE L* a* b* colorimetric analysis was performed with each composite produced. The highest average Vickers hardness values were obtained for the composite containing 1 wt.% TPO (43.18 ± 1.7HV). The diametral tensile strength remains on regardless of the type and amount of photoinitiator statistically the same level, except for the composite containing 0.5 wt.% TPO for which DTS = 22.70 ± 4.7 MPa and is the lowest recorded value. The highest average diametral tensile strength was obtained for the composite containing 0.75 wt.% TPO (29.73 ± 4.8 MPa). The highest modulus of elasticity characterized the composite containing 0.75 wt.% TPO (5383.33 ± 1067.1 MPa). Composite containing 0.75 wt.% TPO has optimal results in terms of Vickers hardness, diametral tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Moreover, these results are better than the parameters characterizing the composite containing the CQ/DMAEMA system. In terms of an aesthetic composite containing 0.75 wt.%. TPO is less yellow in color than the composite containing CQ/DMAEMA. This conclusion was objectively confirmed by test CIE L* a* b*.
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Palialol AR, Martins CP, Dressano D, Aguiar FHB, Gonçalves LS, Marchi GM, Pfeifer CS, Lima AF. Improvement on properties of experimental resin cements containing an iodonium salt cured under challenging polymerization conditions. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1569-1575. [PMID: 34407920 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of resin cements in clinical practice entails photopolymerization through prosthetic devices, which precludes light penetration. The objective of this study was to modify experimental resin cements (ERCs) with diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPI) in an attempt to improve chemical and mechanical properties of materials cured with reduced irradiance and final radiant exposure. METHODS A co-monomer base containing a 1:1 mass ratio of 2.2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (bis-GMA) and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was prepared, with 1mol% of camphorquinone and 2mol% of ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate as initiator system. The resin was divided into 4 fractions according to the DPI concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2mol%). The challenging polymerization condition was simulated performing the light activation (12, 23 and 46s) through a ceramic block (3mm thick). The irradiance was assessed with a calibrated spectrometer (1320mW/cm2), resulting in three levels of radiant exposure (0.58, 1.1 and 2.2J/cm2). The polymerization kinetics was evaluated in real-time using a spectrometer (Near-IR). Water sorption and solubility was analyzed and the cohesive strength of resins obtained through the microtensile test. Polymerization stress was assessed by Bioman method. RESULTS Resins containing DPI had higher degree of conversion and rate of polymerization than the control (without DPI). The use of DPI reduced water sorption and solubility, and led to higher cohesive strength compared to resins without the iodonium salt. However, the stress of polymerization was higher for experimental resins with DPI. SIGNIFICANCE Even under remarkably reduced irradiance, cements containing a ternary initiating system with an iodonium salt can present an optimal degree of conversion and chemical/mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Palialol
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Caetano P Martins
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Dressano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Flavio H B Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Luciano S Gonçalves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Giselle M Marchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, SP 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Carmem S Pfeifer
- Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, 04026-002 SP, Brazil.
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Iliev G, Hardan L, Kassis C, Bourgi R, Cuevas-Suárez CE, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Mancino D, Haikel Y, Kharouf N. Shelf Life and Storage Conditions of Universal Adhesives: A Literature Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162708. [PMID: 34451245 PMCID: PMC8400728 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents state of the art universal adhesive systems and the effect of shelf-life and storage conditions on their bond performance. Three topics are explored in this review: an introduction to the topic, the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the hybrid layer, and the factors that play a role in the stability of universal adhesives. In addition, issues such as potential durability and clinical importance are discussed. Universal adhesive systems are promising but must be handled and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions, with careful attention given to the details of shelf-life and storage conditions for maximal success. It appears that the components of universal adhesives play an important role in their stability. Furthermore, HEMA-free formulations using methacrylamides lead to longer shelf-life. Further research is needed to prove these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Iliev
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Cynthia Kassis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon; (L.H.); (C.K.); (R.B.)
| | - Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez
- Dental Materials Laboratory, Academic Area of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepción S/N, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | | | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (D.M.); (Y.H.)
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (D.M.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-66752-2841
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Salvador MV, Fronza BM, Pecorari VGA, Ogliari FA, Braga RR, Oxman JD, Lima AF. Physicochemical properties of dental resins formulated with amine-free photoinitiation systems. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1358-1365. [PMID: 34172314 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the mechanical properties of two different dimethacrylate resin blends containing the photosensitizer camphorquinone (CQ) alone or in combination with one or more synergists including an amine and/or an iodonium. METHODS Two co-monomer resin blends were formulated using Bis-GMA/TEGDMA and UDMA/TEGDMA, both at 1:1 mass ratio. Each resin blend was divided into four groups, comprising the following four photoinitiation systems: (1) CQ + 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA); (2) CQ + DMAEMA + bis(4-methyl phenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate (BPI); (3) CQ; and (4) CQ + BPI. Materials were evaluated for polymerisation kinetics, water sorption, solubility, flexural strength and modulus. RESULTS BisGMA/TEGDMA with CQ showed minimal and insignificant degree of conversion and was not tested for water sorption/solubility and mechanical properties. The ternary system (i.e., CQ + DMAEMA + BPI), promoted the highest degree of conversion for each monomer blend. The resins containing amine had higher mechanical properties than the amine free. However, the UDMA amine free resins exhibited greater flexural strength and modulus than the corresponding amine free BisGMA resins. BisGMA/TEGDMA containing CQ + DMAEMA or CQ + BPI had significantly higher water sorption and solubility than the other groups. SIGNIFICANCE Resins containing amine presented better properties than the amine-free systems. The addition of iodonium salt (BPI) improved the degree of conversion of the resins, even without an amine co-initiator. The amine-free initiator system (CQ + BPI) was more effective when used with UDMA versus BisGMA based-resins respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius Salvador
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, 04026-002. Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bruna M Fronza
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Roberto Ruggiero Braga
- University of São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Joe D Oxman
- 3M ESPE Dental Products Division, 3M Company, 260-2A-10 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144, United States.
| | - Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, 04026-002. Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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The Photoinitiators Used in Resin Based Dental Composite-A Review and Future Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030470. [PMID: 33540697 PMCID: PMC7867280 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presented paper concerns current knowledge of commercial and alternative photoinitiator systems used in dentistry. It discusses alternative and commercial photoinitiators and focuses on mechanisms of polymerization process, in vitro measurement methods and factors influencing the degree of conversion and hardness of dental resins. PubMed, Academia.edu, Google Scholar, Elsevier, ResearchGate and Mendeley, analysis from 1985 to 2020 were searched electronically with appropriate keywords. Over 60 articles were chosen based on relevance to this review. Dental light-cured composites are the most common filling used in dentistry, but every photoinitiator system requires proper light-curing system with suitable spectrum of light. Alternation of photoinitiator might cause changing the values of biomechanical properties such as: degree of conversion, hardness, biocompatibility. This review contains comparison of biomechanical properties of dental composites including different photosensitizers among other: camphorquinone, phenanthrenequinone, benzophenone and 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione, trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide, benzoyl peroxide. The major aim of this article was to point out alternative photoinitiators which would compensate the disadvantages of camphorquinone such as: yellow staining or poor biocompatibility and also would have mechanical properties as satisfactory as camphorquinone. Research showed there is not an adequate photoinitiator which can be as sufficient as camphorquinone (CQ), but alternative photosensitizers like: benzoyl germanium or novel acylphosphine oxide photoinitiators used synergistically with CQ are able to improve aesthetic properties and degree of conversion of dental resin.
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Kim JE, Choi WH, Lee D, Shin Y, Park SH, Roh BD, Kim D. Color and Translucency Stability of Three-Dimensional Printable Dental Materials for Crown and Bridge Restorations. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030650. [PMID: 33572545 PMCID: PMC7866796 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine and compare color and translucency stability of three-dimensional (3D) printable dental materials for crown and bridge restorations. Five different materials were investigated, and twelve disc-shaped specimens of two different thicknesses (1 and 2 mm) were prepared using a digital light processing 3D printer. Color measurements were made according to the CIELAB color scale (L*, a*, and b*) using a spectrophotometer 1 h, 1 day, 1 week, one month, and six months after post-curing of the materials, and the translucency parameter (TP) was calculated. The L*, a*, b*, and TP values were compared among the different materials and storage periods using repeated measures analysis of variance. Color and translucency changes of the specimens after the different storage periods were compared with 1 h measurements to determine whether they exceeded clinically perceivable thresholds. The L*, a*, b*, and TP values showed significant differences according to the storage periods, as well as among the materials. Until one month, some materials demonstrated distinct color differences, while others showed small color differences below a clinically perceivable threshold. The translucency differences were not clinically perceivable for any specimen. After six months, all specimens demonstrated large color changes, whereas the changes in translucency were relatively small. In conclusion, the color of 3D printable dental materials changed with time, and the differences varied with the materials used. On the contrary, the changes in translucency were small. Overall, the materials became darker, more yellowish, and more opaque after six months of water storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Won-Huy Choi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.-H.C.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.P.); (B.-D.R.)
| | - Dasun Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.-H.C.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.P.); (B.-D.R.)
| | - Yooseok Shin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.-H.C.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.P.); (B.-D.R.)
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.-H.C.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.P.); (B.-D.R.)
| | - Byoung-Duck Roh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.-H.C.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.P.); (B.-D.R.)
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (W.-H.C.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.-H.P.); (B.-D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-3150
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11
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Gomes de Araújo-Neto V, Sebold M, Fernandes de Castro E, Feitosa VP, Giannini M. Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties and filler particles characterization of conventional, bulk-fill, and bioactive resin-based composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 115:104288. [PMID: 33383377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated physical and mechanical properties and characterized the filler particles of seven composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Filtek Supreme (FS, 3M Oral Care), Forma (FO, Ultradent), Charisma Diamond (CD, Kulzer), Spectra Smart (SS, Dentsply), Filtek Bulk Fill (FB, 3M Oral Care), Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB, Ivoclar), and Cention N (Ivoclar) in self- (CNSC) or dual-curing (CNDC) were evaluated. Fillers size, shape, and content were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDX). Disk-shaped specimens (n = 5) were prepared for sorption (SP) and solubility (SL). Flexural strength and elastic modulus were tested at 24 h and 12 months (n = 10). Degree of conversion (DC%) and maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax) were evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. SP and SL results were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunn's pairwise test (α = 0.05). Mechanical properties were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). DC% of CNSC and CNDC was compared by independent t-test (α = 0.05). Rpmax results were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The composites differed regarding filler size, shape, and content. CD and CNSC showed lower SP than FS. SS had lower SL than CNSC and CNDC. CNDC presented higher DC% than CNSC. CD, TB, and CNDC showed the highest Rpmax. TB, CNSC, and CNDC showed the lowest 24-h flexural strengths. Mechanical properties of CD did not decrease, while FO, TB, and CNSC showed a significant reduction after storage. CONCLUSIONS Monomer composition and fillers characteristics greatly influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the tested composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliano Gomes de Araújo-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maicon Sebold
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Fernandes de Castro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Victor Pinheiro Feitosa
- School of Dentistry, Faculty Paulo Picanço, Rua Joaquim Sá, 900, Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Kundu A, McCoy L, Azim N, Nguyen H, Didier CM, Ausaf T, Sharma AD, Curley JL, Moore MJ, Rajaraman S. Fabrication and Characterization of 3D Printed, 3D Microelectrode Arrays for Interfacing with a Peripheral Nerve-on-a-Chip. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 7:3018-3029. [PMID: 34275292 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a nontraditional fabrication technique for the realization of three-dimensional (3D) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) capable of interfacing with 3D cellular networks in vitro. The technology uses cost-effective makerspace microfabrication techniques to fabricate the 3D MEAs with 3D printed base structures with the metallization of the microtowers and conductive traces being performed by stencil mask evaporation techniques. A biocompatible lamination layer insulates the traces for realization of 3D microtower MEAs (250 μm base diameter, 400 μm height). The process has additionally been extended to realize smaller electrodes (30 μm × 30 μm) at a height of 400 μm atop the 3D microtower using laser micromachining of an additional silicon dioxide (SiO2) insulation layer. A 3D microengineered, nerve-on-a-chip in vitro model for recording and stimulating electrical activity of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells has further been integrated with the 3D MEA. We have characterized the 3D electrodes for electrical, chemical, electrochemical, biological, and chip hydration stability performance metrics. A decrease in impedance from 1.8 kΩ to 670 Ω for the microtower electrodes and 55 to 39 kΩ for the 30 μm × 30 μm microelectrodes can be observed for an electrophysiologically relevant frequency of 1 kHz upon platinum electroless plating. Biocompatibility assays on the components of the system resulted in a large range (∼3%-70% live cells), depending on the components. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the resin material start to reveal possible compositional clues for the resin, and the hydration stability is demonstrated in in-vitro-like conditions for 30 days. The fabricated 3D MEAs are rapidly produced with minimal usage of a cleanroom and are fully functional for electrical interrogation of the 3D organ-on-a-chip models for high-throughput of pharmaceutical screening and toxicity testing of compounds in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avra Kundu
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Laurie McCoy
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Nilab Azim
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hieu Nguyen
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Charles M Didier
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Tariq Ausaf
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Anup D Sharma
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - J Lowry Curley
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States
| | - Michael J Moore
- AxoSim, Inc., New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32827, United States.,Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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13
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Favarão J, Oliveira D, Zanini MM, Rocha MG, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti M. Effect of curing-light attenuation on color stability and physical and chemical properties of resin cements containing different photoinitiators. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104110. [PMID: 33032012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of light attenuation by ceramic veneers on the degree of conversion (DC), flexural strength (FS) and color change (CC) of resin cements containing different photoinitiators. Thus, samples included resin cements containing different photoinitiators: (a) camphorquinone (CQ)/ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDMAB); (b) CQ/4-(N,N-dimethylamino) phenethyl alcohol (DMPOH); (c) CQ/2(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA); (d) CQ/ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDMAB) + diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (TPO); (e) TPO; and (f) phenylbis(2.4.6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (BAPO). Ceramic veneers (10 × 10 mm) were 0.4 mm, 0.7 mm, 1.0 mm or 1.5 mm thick. The light irradiance of a multiple-peak LED through ceramic veneers was measured (n = 5) using a spectrometer. DC (micro-Raman spectrometer) and FS (Bar-shaped specimens) were tested in cements with and without the veneers. Color change was evaluated before and after UV artificial aging. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The violet spectrum showed the lowest irradiance values through the veneer, considering all thicknesses. BAPO had the highest DC values for all veneers. CQ/EDMAB + TPO, CQ + EDMAB, and CQ + DMPOH showed similar DC values concerning all thicknesses. TPO (1.0 mm) showed the lowest DC and FS values. CQ + TPO and CQ/amines showed similar FS values. CQ + EDMAB and CQ + DMAEMA showed the highest color change values while TPO showed the lowest. It was concluded that the physical and chemical properties of the resin cement were improved with BAPO. CQ/EDMAB + TPO showed the greatest color stability, considering all veneer groups and control, without affecting the other properties assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Favarão
- Dental School, Centro Universitário Dinâmica das Cataratas, Paraná Avenue, 5661, Vila A, Foz do Iguaçu, 85868-030, Brazil.
| | - Dcrs Oliveira
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Operative Dentistry Division, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - M M Zanini
- Dental School, Centro Universitário Dinâmica das Cataratas, Paraná Avenue, 5661, Vila A, Foz do Iguaçu, 85868-030, Brazil.
| | - M G Rocha
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Operative Dentistry Division, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, 1395 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - L Correr-Sobrinho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Limeira Avenue, 901, Vila Rezende, Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Mac Sinhoreti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Limeira Avenue, 901, Vila Rezende, Areiao, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
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14
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Verzola KC, Dressano D, Saraceni CHC, Gonçalves LS, Hadis M, Watts DC, Palin WM, Lima AF. Bis(4-methyl phenyl)iodonium as an alternative component to diphenyliodonium in camphorquinone-based ternary initiating systems. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1282-1288. [PMID: 32690220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of different co-initiators (diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate - DPI - and bis(4-methyl phenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate - BPI) on chemical and mechanical properties of resins. METHODS Nine experimental resins (50% Bis-GMA and 50% TEGDMA, w/w) with 60 wt% filler particles were formulated. The initiating system used was camphorquinone (CQ-1 mol%) and ethyl dimethylaminobenzoate (EDAB-2 mol%). Experimental groups were established according to DPI and BPI quantities (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mol%). The control group was a resin containing only CQ-EDAB. Light transmission through the resin during polymerisation was analysed with a UV-vis spectrophotometer. Real-time polymerisation of the systems was evaluated using an FTIR spectrometer. Real-time polymerisation shrinkage strain was evaluated, and the flexural strength and modulus of materials were obtained by 3-point bending. Experimental groups were statistically analysed by Analysis of Variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Dunnett's test was applied to compare experimental groups with control. RESULTS Light transmission rapidly increased initially for resins containing DPI or BPI. After 30 s cure, the irradiance on the lower surface of resin specimens was similar for all groups. After 10 s of light irradiation, groups containing DPI and BPI had higher conversion than the control. However, conversion after 120 s post-irradiation was similar for all groups. The rate of polymerisation, shrinkage strain, and the maximum strain rate were higher for groups containing DPI/BPI. The use of iodonium salts increased the flexural strength and flexural moduli of resins. SIGNIFICANCE DPI and BPI increased resin reactivity similarly. Increased rate of polymerization influenced light transmission through the resin in the first seconds of polymerisation and increased resin shrinkage and rate of shrinkage, as well as flexural strength and moduli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina C Verzola
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, CEP: 04026-002 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Dressano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
| | | | - Luciano Souza Gonçalves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Hadis
- Biomaterials Unit, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, United Kingdom.
| | - David C Watts
- School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science Institute, Coupland 3 Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| | - William M Palin
- Biomaterials Unit, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, United Kingdom.
| | - Adriano Fonseca Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, CEP: 04026-002 Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Dressano D, Salvador MV, Oliveira MT, Marchi GM, Fronza BM, Hadis M, Palin WM, Lima AF. Chemistry of novel and contemporary resin-based dental adhesives. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103875. [PMID: 32957185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of resin-based dental adhesives is critical for its interaction with dental tissues and long-term bonding stability. Changes in dental adhesives composition influences the materials' key physical-chemical properties, such as rate and degree of conversion, water sorption, solubility, flexural strength and modulus, and cohesive strength and improves the biocompatibility to dental tissues. Maintaining a suitable reactivity between photoinitiators and monomers is important for optimal properties of adhesive systems, in order to enable adequate polymerisation and improved chemical, physical and biological properties. The aim of this article is to review the current state-of-the-art of dental adhesives, and their chemical composition and characteristics that influences the polymerisation reaction and subsequent materials properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dressano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Marcos V Salvador
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, CEP: 04026-002, Brazil.
| | | | - Giselle Maria Marchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Av Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Bruna M Fronza
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, University of São Paulo, 2227 Prof. Lineu Prestes Ave, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Hadis
- Dental Materials Science, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK.
| | - William M Palin
- Dental Materials Science, Birmingham Dental School and Hospital, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK.
| | - Adriano Fonseca Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212, CEP: 04026-002, Brazil.
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16
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da Cruz LBT, Oliveira MT, Saraceni CHC, Lima AF. The influence of nanofillers on the properties of ethanol-solvated and non-solvated dental adhesives. Restor Dent Endod 2019; 44:e28. [PMID: 31485424 PMCID: PMC6713076 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of nanofillers on the chemical and physical properties of ethanol-solvated and non-solvated dental adhesives. Materials and Methods Eight experimental adhesives were prepared with different nanofiller concentrations (0, 1, 2, and 4 wt%) and 2 solvent concentrations (0% and 10% ethanol). Several properties of the experimental adhesives were evaluated, such as water sorption and solubility (n = 5, 20 seconds light activation), real-time degree of conversion (DC; n = 3, 20 and 40 seconds light activation), and stability of cohesive strength at 6 months (CS; n = 20, 20 seconds light activation) using the microtensile test. A light-emitting diode (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent) with an average light emittance of 1,200 mW/cm2 was used. Results The presence of solvent reduced the DC after 20 seconds of curing, but increased the final DC, water sorption, and solubility of the adhesives. Storage in water reduced the strength of the adhesives. The addition of 1 wt% and 2 wt% nanofillers increased the polymerization rate of the adhesives. Conclusions The presence of nanofillers and ethanol improved the final DC, although the DC of the solvated adhesives at 20 seconds was lower than that of the non-solvated adhesives. The presence of ethanol reduced the strength of the adhesives and increased their water sorption and solubility. However, nanofillers did not affect the water sorption and strength of the tested adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriano Fonseca Lima
- Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Lima AF, Salvador MVO, Dressano D, Saraceni CHC, Gonçalves LS, Hadis M, Palin WM. Increased rates of photopolymerisation by ternary type II photoinitiator systems in dental resins. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:71-78. [PMID: 31203099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of Type I and Type II photoinitiator systems on curing efficiency, degree of conversion (DC) and chemico-physical properties of resin based materials. A comonomer base containing 50%wt 2.2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (bis-GMA) and 50%wt triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) was formulated with either 0.5 or 1mol% of Type II camphoroquinone (CQ), Type I monoacylphosphine oxide (MAPO) or bis-acylphosphine oxide (BAPO) photoinitiators. The Type II system was either a binary (1: 2 CQ:amine) or ternary system (1: 2 CQ:amine + 0.5 mol% DPI). Degree and rate of polymerization was measured by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Knoop micro-hardness prior to and following ethanol immersion was assessed. Flexural strength and modulus was measured under three-point bend test. Water sorption and solubility was also evaluated. The photoinitiator absorption spectra and the total absorbed energy per unit volume (Eabs) for 0.5mol% photoinitiator in each material was calculated. Despite the reduced total absorbed energy per unit volume for CQ based systems, ternary Type II system significantly improved curing efficiency (P < 0.05) compared to both Type I photoinitiators and degree of conversion compared to MAPO only, whilst exhibiting comparable mechanical and physical properties compared to both Type I based materials at equivalent molar concentrations of photoinitiator (P > 0.05). Ternary Type II systems is an efficient alternative to improve the polymerization of resin materials, promoting similar or even better properties than Type I initiators. DPI can increase the reactivity of CQ systems and promote polymerization rates superior than Type I photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Fonseca Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Sao Paulo Brazil. Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212. CEP: 04026-002, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Diogo Dressano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil. Av Limeira, 901 Mail Box 52, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13414-903, Brazil.
| | - Cintia Helena Coury Saraceni
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University, Sao Paulo Brazil. Rua Doutor Bacelar, 1212. CEP: 04026-002, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Souza Gonçalves
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul School of Dentistry, Av. Paulo Gama, 110 - Farroupilha, Porto Alegre, RS, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Hadis
- Biomaterials Unit, University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
| | - William M Palin
- Biomaterials Unit, University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, St Chad's Queensway, Birmingham, B4 6NN, UK.
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18
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Delgado AJ, Castellanos EM, Sinhoreti M, Oliveira DC, Abdulhameed N, Geraldeli S, Sulaiman TA, Roulet JF. The Use of Different Photoinitiator Systems in Photopolymerizing Resin Cements Through Ceramic Veneers. Oper Dent 2018; 44:396-404. [PMID: 30517069 DOI: 10.2341/17-263-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of different photoinitiator systems on photopolymerizing resin cements through ceramic veneers with different thickness on microshear bond strength (μSBS), flexural strength (FS), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and verify the light attenuation through these ceramic veneers. METHODS AND MATERIALS Four photopolymerizing experimental resin cements were produced with the same resin matrix and associated with four different photoinitiator systems: camphorquinone (CQ), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO), Ivocerin, and TPO + Ivocerin. Eighty disc-shaped ceramic veneers (IPS Empress Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent) were fabricated (10-mm diameter) in two different thicknesses: 0.7 and 1.5 mm. A previously characterized multiwave LED (Bluephase G2, Ivoclar Vivadent) was standardized for 40 seconds of photoactivation. Light transmittance through each ceramic veneer thickness (n=5) was measured using a spectrometer (USB 2000, Ocean Optics). The μSBS of each resin cement (n=15) to the ceramic veneer was evaluated using 0.5-mm cylinders with 0.7-mm diameters photoactivated through the different ceramic veneer thicknesses. Samples for FS and UTS tests were made either with or without ceramics veneers (0.7 and 1.5 mm) fixed to the light-curing tip. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS The multiwave LED emitted higher irradiance into the blue wavelength spectra than into the violet wavelength spectra (p=0.0001). Light transmittance through the ceramic veneers was reduced in a systematic manner based on thickness regardless of the wavelength spectra emitted from the multiwave LED (p=0.00037). The μSBS was reduced in a systematic manner based on thickness regardless of the photoinitiator system (p<0.05). However, resin cements with CQ and Ivocerin showed higher bond strength values in comparison to the resin cement with TPO regardless of the ceramic veneer thickness (p<0.05). The FS and UTS means decreased (p<0.05) with the interposition of 0.7- and 1.5-mm ceramic veneers for all resin cements. The resin cement containing only TPO showed the lowest FS and UTS means (p<0.05) for all ceramic veneers. CONCLUSIONS The thickness of the ceramic veneers reduced the irradiance of the multiwave LED in all wavelength spectra. Ivocerin alone or associated with TPO showed to be an effective alternative photoinitiator to substitute for CQ. The resin cement containing only TPO had lower bond strength values in comparison to resin cements with CQ, Ivocerin, and Ivocerin + TPO.
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19
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Ye Q, Abedin F, Parthasarathy R, Spencer P. Photoinitiators in Dentistry: Challenges and Advances. PHOTOPOLYMERISATION INITIATING SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788013307-00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photopolymerization is used in a wide range of clinical applications in dentistry and the demand for dental materials that can restore form, function and esthetics is increasing rapidly. Simultaneous with this demand is the growing need for photoinitiators that provide effective and efficient in situ polymerization of dental materials using visible light irradiation. This chapter reviews the fundamentals of Type I and II photoinitiators. The advantages and disadvantages of these photoinitiators will be considered with a particular focus on parameters that affect the polymerization process in the oral cavity. The chapter examines recent developments in photoinitiators and opportunities for future research in the design and development of photoinitiators for dental applications. Future research directions that employ computational models in conjunction with iterative synthesis and experimental methods will also be explored in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ye
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 W. 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Farhana Abedin
- Electromechanical Engineering Technology program, College of Engineering, California State Polytechnic University Pomona 3801 W. Temple Ave Pomona CA 91768 USA
| | - Ranganathan Parthasarathy
- Nanomaterials Research Lab, Tennessee State University 3500 John A Merritt Blvd Nashville TN 37209 USA
| | - Paulette Spencer
- Institute for Bioengineering Research, School of Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 W. 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas 1530 W. 15th St Lawrence KS 66045 USA
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