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Landim MG, Carneiro MLB, Joanitti GA, Anflor CTM, Marinho DD, Rodrigues JFB, de Sousa WJB, Fernandes DDO, Souza BF, Ombredane AS, do Nascimento JCF, Felice GDJ, Kubota AMA, Barbosa JSC, Ohno JH, Amoah SKS, Pena LJ, Luz GVDS, de Andrade LR, Pinheiro WO, Ribeiro BM, Formiga FR, Fook MVL, Rosa MFF, Peixoto HM, Luiz Carregaro R, Rosa SDSRF. A novel N95 respirator with chitosan nanoparticles: mechanical, antiviral, microbiological and cytotoxicity evaluations. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:118. [PMID: 37733165 PMCID: PMC10514013 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03892-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that some sectors of hospitals have high bacteria and virus loads that can remain as aerosols in the air and represent a significant health threat for patients and mainly professionals that work in the place daily. Therefore, the need for a respirator able to improve the filtration barrier of N95 masks and even inactivating airborne virus and bacteria becomes apparent. Such a fact motivated the creation of a new N95 respirator which employs chitosan nanoparticles on its intermediate layer (SN95 + CNP). RESULTS The average chitosan nanoparticle size obtained was 165.20 ± 35.00 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.36 ± 0.03 and a zeta potential of 47.50 ± 1.70 mV. Mechanical tests demonstrate that the SN95 + CNP respirator is more resistant and meets the safety requisites of aerosol penetration, resistance to breath and flammability, presenting higher potential to filtrate microbial and viral particles when compared to conventional SN95 respirators. Furthermore, biological in vitro tests on bacteria, fungi and mammalian cell lines (HaCat, Vero E6 and CCL-81) corroborate the hypothesis that our SN95 + CNP respirator presents strong antimicrobial activity and is safe for human use. There was a reduction of 96.83% of the alphacoronavirus virus and 99% of H1N1 virus and MHV-3 betacoronavirus after 120 min of contact compared to the conventional respirator (SN95), demonstrating that SN95 + CNP have a relevant potential as personal protection equipment. CONCLUSIONS Due to chitosan nanotechnology, our novel N95 respirator presents improved mechanical, antimicrobial and antiviral characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Filipe Bacalhau Rodrigues
- Northeast Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Hideki Ohno
- MCI Ultrasonica LTDA, Av. Campinas, 367 - Arraial Paulista, Taboão da Serra, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Solomon Kweku Sagoe Amoah
- Northeast Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook
- Northeast Laboratory for Evaluation and Development of Biomaterials (CERTBIO), University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil
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de Souza TV, Pastena Giorno L, Malmonge SM, Santos AR. Bioprinting: From Technique to Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:934-951. [PMID: 36017861 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666220822152448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Among the different approaches present in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, the one that has attracted the most interest in recent years is the possibility of printing functional biological tissues. Bioprinting is a technique that has been applied to create cellularized three-dimensional structures that mimic biological tissues and thus allow their replacement. Hydrogels are interesting materials for this type of technique. Hydrogels based on natural polymers are known due to their biocompatible properties, in addition to being attractive biomaterials for cell encapsulation. They provide a threedimensional aqueous environment with biologically relevant chemical and physical signals, mimicking the natural environment of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Bioinks are ink formulations that allow the printing of living cells. The controlled deposition of biomaterials by bioinks needs to maintain cell viability and offer specific biochemical and physical stimuli capable of guiding cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this work, we analyze the theoretical and practical issues of bioprinting, citing currently used methods, their advantages, and limitations. We present some important molecules that have been used to compose bioinks, as well as the cellular responses that have been observed in different tissues. Finally, we indicate future perspectives of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Vieira de Souza
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pastena Giorno
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Malmonge
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo R Santos
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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Santana JPP, Marcato PD, Massaro TNC, Godoy NL, Anibal FDF, Borra RC. Efficacy of instillation of MB49 cells and thermoreversible polymeric gel in urothelial bladder carcinoma immunization. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:11. [PMID: 35513853 PMCID: PMC9069826 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activating the immune system for therapeutic benefit has long been a goal in immunology, especially in cancer treatment, but the low immunogenicity of antitumor vaccines remains a limiting factor in the fight against malignant neoplasms. The increase in the immunogenicity of weak antigens using biodegradable polymers, such as chitosan, has been observed in the field of cancer immunotherapy. However, the effects of the vaccine using a combination of tumor cells and a thermoreversible delivery system based on chitosan in bladder cancer models, mainly using the intravesical route to stimulate the antitumor immune response, are unknown. We propose to evaluate the efficacy of a polymeric gel matrix (TPG) formed by poloxamer 407 and chitosan, associated with MB49 cells, as an intravesical antitumor vaccine using a C57BL/6 murine model of bladder urothelial carcinoma. The effectiveness of immunization was analyzed with the formation of three experimental groups: Control, TPG and TPG + MB49. In the vaccination phase, the TPG + MB49 group underwent a traumatic injury to the bladder wall with immediate intravesical instillation of the vaccine compound containing MB49 cells embedded in TPG. The TPG group was subjected to the same procedures using the compound containing the gel diluted in medium, and the control group using only the medium. After 21 days, the animals were challenged with tumor induction.
Results In vitro tests showed loss of viability and inability to proliferate after exposure to TPG. In vivo tests showed that animals previously immunized with TPG + MB49 had higher cumulative survival, as well as significantly lower bladder weight and size in contrast to the other two groups that did not show a statistically different tumor evolution. In addition, the splenocytes of these animals also showed a higher rate of antitumor cytotoxicity in relation to the TPG and control groups.
Conclusions We can conclude that MB49 cells embedded in a polymeric thermoreversible gel matrix with chitosan used in the form of an intravesical vaccine are able to stimulate the immune response and affect the development of the bladder tumor in an orthotopic and syngeneic C57BL/6 murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscyla Daniely Marcato
- GNanoBio, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Naiane Lima Godoy
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Carneiro Borra
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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Vieira de Souza T, Malmonge SM, Santos AR. Development of a chitosan and hyaluronic acid hydrogel with potential for bioprinting utilization: A preliminary study. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:358-371. [PMID: 34102923 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211024164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a technique that has been applied in the areas of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Natural polymer-based hydrogels are known for their favorable biocompatible properties, as well as attractive biomaterials for cell encapsulation. These hydrogels provide an aqueous three-dimensional environment with biologically relevant chemical and physical signals, mimicking the natural environment of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Chitosan (CHI) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have been widely researched for biomedical applications. Bioinks are "ink" formulations, usually hydrogels, that allow the printing of living cells. This work proposes the development of a low cost and simple chitosan CHI-AH hydrogel with potential to become a bioink. At physiological temperature, the biomaterials form a hydrogel. The material developed was characterized by the analysis of morphology, cytotoxicity, and cell viability. FTIR showed the characteristic vibrational bands of chitosan and HA. No difference in swelling was observed between the different formulations studied, although SEM showed architectural differences between the hydrogels obtained. Extract cytotoxicity testing showed that the hydrogel is not cytotoxic. The direct toxicity test also revealed the absence of toxicity, but the cells had difficulty migrating into the gel, probably because of its density. These data were confirmed by SEM. Further testing are ongoing to better understand the gel's characteristics to improve the limitations found so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Vieira de Souza
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Maria Malmonge
- Center for Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Sciences (CECS), Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo R Santos
- Center for Natural Sciences and Humanities (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kunrath MF, Diz FM, Magini R, Galárraga-Vinueza ME. Nanointeraction: The profound influence of nanostructured and nano-drug delivery biomedical implant surfaces on cell behavior. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102265. [PMID: 33007580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces feature promising biological properties on biomaterials attracting large interest at basic research, implant industry development, and bioengineering applications. Thou, nanoscale interactions at a molecular and cellular level are not yet completely understood and its biological and clinical implications need to be further elucidated. As follows, the aim of this comprehensive review was to evaluate nanostructured surfaces at biomedical implants focusing on surface development, nanostructuration, and nanoengineered drug delivery systems that can induce specific cell interactions in all relevant aspects of biological, reparative, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and clinical processes. The methods and the physio-chemical properties involved in nanotopography performance, the main cellular characteristics involved at surface/cell interaction, and a summary of results and outlooks reported in studies applying nanostructured surfaces and nano-drug delivery systems is presented. The future prospects and commercial translation of this developing field, particularly concerning multifunctional nanostructured surfaces and its clinical implications are further discussed. At a cellular level, nanostructured biomedical implant surfaces can enhance osteogenesis by targeting osteoblasts, osteocytes, and mesenchymal cells, stimulate fibroblast/epithelial cells proliferation and adherence, inhibit bacterial cell proliferation and biofilm accumulation, and act as immune-modulating surfaces targeting macrophages and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Moreover, several methodological options to create drug-delivery systems on metallic implant surfaces are available, however, the clinical translation is yet incomplete. The efficiency of which nanostructured/nano-delivery surfaces may target specific cell interactions and favor clinical outcomes needs to be further elucidated in pre-clinical and clinical studies, along with engineering solutions for commercial translation and approval of controlling agencies.
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