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Chyoshi B, Gomes Coelho LH, García J, Subtil EL. Fate and removal of emerging contaminants in anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor filled with thermoplastic gel as biofilm support. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134557. [PMID: 35405192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Anaerobic Fluidized Membrane Bioreactor (AnFMBR) is a membrane-based hybrid technology that can overcome the limitations of conventional anaerobic sewage treatment. Although previous studies have demonstrated excellent performance in the removal of conventional organic pollutants, further research into the removal paths of emerging contaminants (ECs) under various operating conditions is required for proper design and development of the AnFMBR technology. Regarding this, the fate of four ECs in a lab-scale AnFMBR filled with thermoplastic gel for biofilm growth was investigated under various Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) conditions. When the HRT was 13 h, diclofenac and 17β-estradiol were efficiently removed at 93% and 72% respectively. Even after an HRT reduction to 6.5 h, the system was still able to maintain high ECs removals (74% for diclofenac and 69% for 17β-estradiol). However, irrespective of HRT operational condition, smaller removals of 17a-ethinylestradiol (37-52%) were observed, while only marginal removals of amoxicillin were achieved (5-29%). Biotransformation was attributed as the main route for ECs removal. The results obtained in this study indicate that the membrane-based hybrid AnFMBR can be used to treat the target ECs without influence on anaerobic process. The technology had better removal efficiency for diclofenac and 17β-estradiol. However, the AnFMBR system exhibits high variability in EC removal and low capacity for amoxicillin removal, implying that a combination of other processes is still required to properly avoid the release of these contaminants into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Chyoshi
- Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André/SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Helena Gomes Coelho
- Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André/SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA-Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Building D1, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Lucas Subtil
- Center of Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André/SP, 09210-580, Brazil.
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2
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The modelling of biosorption for rapid removal of organic matter with activated sludge biomass from real industrial effluents. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Xue J, Lei D, Zhao X, Hu Y, Yao S, Lin K, Wang Z, Cui C. Antibiotic residue and toxicity assessment of wastewater during the pharmaceutical production processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132837. [PMID: 34762889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various pollutants are released during pharmaceutical production processes, which is of great concern. Most studies have focused on the terminal treatment results of mixed pharmaceutical wastewater, and further research on wastewater from the production processes is required. This study investigated the wastewater quality indicators, residual antibiotics, and biological toxicity of the wastewater during the production process in a large pharmaceutical producing factory in Northern China. The wastewater contained numerous organic pollutants, with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) values ranging from 2.0 × 103 to 2.6 × 105 mg L-1 and the total nitrogen (TN) values ranging from 1.3 × 103 to 2.0 × 104 mg L-1. High concentrations of cephalexin and cefradine remained in the wastewater of the production workshop, with the highest concentration of cefradine reaching 1328 mg L-1. The wastewater from the oxidation and solvent recovery workshops was more toxic to Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna than that of other workshops. Moreover, the biological acute toxicity of wastewater was significantly correlated with the concentration of COD and TN (p < 0.01). This study provides new insights into the treatment of antibiotic production wastewater, illuminating the incomplete extraction of products and the significant risk posed by pharmaceutical wastewater to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Xue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dandan Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiumei Zhao
- Environmental Protection Department of North China Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shijiazhuang, 050015, China
| | - Yaru Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shijie Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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4
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Qin K, Zhao Q, Yu H, Li J, Jiang J, Wang K, Wei L. Removal trend of amoxicillin and tetracycline during groundwater recharging reusing: Redox sensitivity and microbial community response. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131011. [PMID: 34118628 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The abundant existence of antibiotics within the effluent of wastewater treatment plant seriously threatened their safety recharging. To investigate the fate and biodegradation of those toxic antibiotics within the soil aquifer system, typical antibiotics of amoxicillin (AMX) and tetracycline (TC) were selected and their removal mechanisms were investigated. Experimental results revealed that totally 93.4% and 87.2% of the AMX and TC recharged (10 μg/L) were, respectively, removed within 1 m depth column operation. Specifically, the aerobic biodegradation, abiotic processes and anoxic/anaerobic microorganism contributed as higher as 37.5%, 33.7% and 28.8% of the AMX reduction, via the controlling tests of NaN3 inhibition and soil sterilisations. By contrast, the percentage contribution of the TC was aerobic (54.3%) ˃abiotic processes (32.7%) ˃anoxic/anaerobic (13.0%), a higher aerobic degradation whereas weaker anoxic/anaerobic microorganism. Column systems (CSs) were constructed to study the effect of redox conditions (methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, nitrate-reducing, aerobic) on antibiotics degradation, and microbial community results revealed that Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus and Armatimonadetes contributed to the aerobic biodegradation of TC. For comparison, AMX could be efficiently degraded under nitrate reduction (19.95%) > sulfate reduction (16.64%) > methanogenic (9.53%), and Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were the dominant bacteria for AMX degradation. This study provided optimal directions for antibiotics removal within the groundwater recharging systems and is conducive to obtain highly value-added reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kena Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - JianJu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junqiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liangliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment (SKLUWRE); School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Moreira VR, Lebron YAR, da Silva MM, de Souza Santos LV, Jacob RS, de Vasconcelos CKB, Viana MM. Graphene oxide in the remediation of norfloxacin from aqueous matrix: simultaneous adsorption and degradation process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:34513-34528. [PMID: 32557024 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the simultaneous adsorption degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) by graphene oxide from aqueous matrix was verified. Graphene oxide (GO, ~ 8 layers) was prepared using modified Hummers method through the oxidation/exfoliation of expanded graphite. Spectroscopic techniques confirmed the NOR adsorption onto GO surface and the partial antibiotic degradation promoted by hydroxyl radicals derived from GO. Furthermore, the mass spectra after the adsorption-degradation processes showed NOR degradation intermediates that was compared and confirmed by other studies. The nanomaterial showed a removal capacity of 374.9 ± 29.8 mg g-1, observing greater contribution from the NOR in the zwitterionic form and removals up to 94.8%. The intraparticle diffusion process, assessed by Boyd's model and Fick's law, presented a greater contribution in the removal process, reaching the equilibrium 30 min after the beginning. In addition, the temperature increase would disadvantage the process, which was considered thermodynamically viable throughout the evaluated temperature range. Finally, the process was scaled-up in a single stage batch adsorber considering a NOR removal efficiency of 95%. This resulted in mass requirement of 63.6 g of GO in order to treat 0.5 m3 of contaminated water. In general, the simultaneous adsorption-degradation process was considered innovative and promising in pharmaceutical compounds remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Rezende Moreira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30270-901, Brazil
| | - Yuri Abner Rocha Lebron
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30270-901, Brazil
| | - Marielle Mara da Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1686, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30535-901, Brazil
| | - Lucilaine Valéria de Souza Santos
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30270-901, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1686, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30535-901, Brazil
| | - Raquel Sampaio Jacob
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1686, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30535-901, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Karina Barbosa de Vasconcelos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1686, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30535-901, Brazil
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1686, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30535-901, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Machado Viana
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, P.O. Box 1294, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30270-901, Brazil.
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Argiz L, Reyes C, Belmonte M, Franchi O, Campo R, Fra-Vázquez A, Val Del Río A, Mosquera-Corral A, Campos JL. Assessment of a fast method to predict the biochemical methane potential based on biodegradable COD obtained by fractionation respirometric tests. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 269:110695. [PMID: 32425161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical methane potential test (BMP) is the most common analytical technique to predict the performance of anaerobic digesters. However, this assay is time-consuming (from 20 to over than 100 days) and consequently impractical when it is necessary to obtain a quick result. Several methods are available for faster BMP prediction but, unfortunately, there is still a lack of a clear alternative. Current aerobic tests underestimate the BMP of substrates since they only detect the easily biodegradable COD. In this context, the potential of COD fractionation respirometric assays, which allow the determination of the particulate slowly biodegradable fraction, was evaluated here as an alternative to early predict the BMP of substrates. Seven different origin waste streams were tested and the anaerobically biodegraded organic matter (CODmet) was compared with the different COD fractions. When considering adapted microorganisms, the appropriate operational conditions and the required biodegradation time, the differences between the CODmet, determined through BMP tests, and the biodegradable COD (CODb) obtained by respirometry, were not significant (CODmet (57.8026 ± 21.2875) and CODb (55.6491 ± 21.3417), t (5) = 0.189, p = 0.853). Therefore, results suggest that the BMP of a substrate might be early predicted from its CODb in only few hours. This methodology was validated by the performance of an inter-laboratory studyconsidering four additional substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Argiz
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - C Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Medio Ambiente e Ingeniería (LABMAI), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Avda. Leopoldo Carvallo 270, 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Belmonte
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Medio Ambiente e Ingeniería (LABMAI), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Avda. Leopoldo Carvallo 270, 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - O Franchi
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Avda. Padre Hurtado 750, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - R Campo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale (DICEA), Università degli Studi Firenze, Via di Santa Marta, 3, 50139, Firenze, Italy
| | - A Fra-Vázquez
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - A Val Del Río
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - A Mosquera-Corral
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - J L Campos
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Avda. Padre Hurtado 750, Viña del Mar, Chile
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Busto RV, Roberts J, Hunter C, Escudero A, Helwig K, Coelho LHG. Mechanistic and ecotoxicological studies of amoxicillin removal through anaerobic degradation systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110207. [PMID: 32032860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have been conducted on the evaluation and monitoring of micropollutants and by-products in wastewater treatment plants. Considering the increase in the production and consumption of emerging contaminants, such as drugs, personal care products, and plasticisers, it is necessary to conduct studies that support the elaboration of laws and regulations that promote the environmentally sustainable use of sludge and effluents. In this work, the biological degradation of amoxicillin was studied under two anaerobic conditions: i) using a 6 L reactor operated under semi-continuous flow; and ii) a batch system with 100 mL sealed glass syringes. According to the statistical analysis, amoxicillin was completely removed from the systems, but biogas production inhibition was observed (p < 0.05). Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis identified amoxicillin penicilloic acid, amoxilloic acid, amoxicillin diketopiperazine and phenol hydroxypyrazine as by-products under anaerobic conditions. Ecotoxicity tests on effluent treated under the batch conditions showed that the addition of higher amounts of amoxicillin inhibited the target species Aliivibrio fischeri and Raphidocelis subcaptata, causing functional decreases of 28.5% and 22.2% when the antibiotic concentration was 2500 μg L-1. A. fischeri was the most sensitive organism to effluent treated under semi-continuous flow conditions; a continuous reduction in bioluminescence of up to 88.8% was observed after 39 days of feeding, which was associated with by-products accumulation due to unbalanced conditions during anaerobic digestion. Changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of the effluent caused the accumulation and removal of AMX-DKP IV and modified the toxicity to Lactuca sativa and R. subcapitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Vieira Busto
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, CEP, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joanne Roberts
- Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Hunter
- Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Ania Escudero
- Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Helwig
- Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road Glasgow, G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Lúcia Helena Gomes Coelho
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, Bairro Santa Terezinha, CEP, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
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8
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Ampicillin biotransformation by a nitrifying consortium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-2798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Oberoi AS, Jia Y, Zhang H, Khanal SK, Lu H. Insights into the Fate and Removal of Antibiotics in Engineered Biological Treatment Systems: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7234-7264. [PMID: 31244081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics, the most frequently prescribed drugs of modern medicine, are extensively used for both human and veterinary applications. Antibiotics from different wastewater sources (e.g., municipal, hospitals, animal production, and pharmaceutical industries) ultimately are discharged into wastewater treatment plants. Sorption and biodegradation are the two major removal pathways of antibiotics during biological wastewater treatment processes. This review provides the fundamental insights into sorption mechanisms and biodegradation pathways of different classes of antibiotics with diverse physical-chemical attributes. Important factors affecting sorption and biodegradation behavior of antibiotics are also highlighted. Furthermore, this review also sheds light on the critical role of extracellular polymeric substances on antibiotics adsorption and their removal in engineered biological wastewater treatment systems. Despite major advancements, engineered biological wastewater treatment systems are only moderately effective (48-77%) in the removal of antibiotics. In this review, we systematically summarize the behavior and removal of different antibiotics in various biological treatment systems with discussion on their removal efficiency, removal mechanisms, critical bioreactor operating conditions affecting antibiotics removal, and recent innovative advancements. Besides, relevant background information including antibiotics classification, physical-chemical properties, and their occurrence in the environment from different sources is also briefly covered. This review aims to advance our understanding of the fate of various classes of antibiotics in engineered biological wastewater treatment systems and outlines future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong
| | | | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering , University of Hawaii at Ma̅noa , 1955 East-West Road , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
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Ismail MM, Essam TM, Ragab YM, El-Sayed AEKB, Mourad FE. Remediation of a mixture of analgesics in a stirred-tank photobioreactor using microalgal-bacterial consortium coupled with attempt to valorise the harvested biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 232:364-371. [PMID: 28254731 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An artificial microalgal-bacterial consortium was used to remediate a mixture of analgesics (ketoprofen, paracetamol and aspirin) in a stirred-tank photobioreactor. A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3days supported poor treatment because of the formation of p-aminophenol (paracetamol toxic metabolite). Increasing the HRT to 4days enhanced the bioremediation efficiency. After applying an acclimatization regime, 95% removal of the analgesics mixture, p-aminophenol and COD reduction were achieved. However, shortening the HRT again to 3days neither improved the COD reduction nor ketoprofen removal. Applying continuous illumination achieved the best analgesics removal results. The harvested biomass contained 50% protein, which included almost all essential amino acids. The detected fatty acid profile suggested the harvested biomass to be a good biodiesel-producing candidate. The water-extractable fraction possessed the highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest the whole process to be an integrated eco-friendly and cost-efficient strategy for remediating pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Ismail
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Tamer M Essam
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Ragab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | | | - Fathia E Mourad
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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