Gravidez na adolescência: análise de fatores de risco para baixo peso, prematuridade e cesariana

Timely initiation of antenatal care in adolescent victims of sexual violence: implications for legal abortion in Brazil

We investigated the timely initiation of antenatal care among Brazilian adolescents to support the national discussion on the gestational age limit for legal abortion. Using data from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) 2020-2022, we correlated the timely antenatal care (first quarter of pregnancy) with the adolescent's age, region, ethnicity/skin color, and schooling level; 11,607 annual births result from vulnerable rape. The timely initiation of antenatal care was 70.2% for all adolescents (<20 years), but only 55.6% for those under 13 years old; 14.1% of adolescents started antenatal care at 22 weeks or more of gestation (28.3% among those <13 years old). Timely initiation was lower in the North region, among Indigenous girls, and those with low education. Delays in recognizing the pregnancy and communicating with the family contribute to the late start of antenatal care and the decision to abort. The proposed legal abortion time limit will mainly impact the most vulnerable adolescents in terms of socioeconomic and racial factors.

Associated factors of neonatal near miss among newborns of adolescent mothers in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To identify the associated factors of neonatal near miss among newborns of Brazilian adolescents and to compare their occurrence in young women aged 12 to 16 years and 17 to 19 years.

METHOD

Cross-sectional, hospital-based study, using data from the study Nascer no Brasil ("Birth in Brazil") on puerperal adolescents and their newborns in all regions of Brazil. Multiple and univariate logistic regression were employed to identify the associated factors of neonatal near miss.

RESULTS

The following factors were found to be associated to neonatal near miss among newborns of adolescent mothers: public source of payment (OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 2.02-10.32), having to seek help in different maternity hospitals (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.05-2.20), and maternal near miss (OR = 5.92; 95% CI = 1.94-18.05), in addition to a record of low weight in a previous pregnancy (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.61-6.04) and twin pregnancy (OR = 7.49; 95% CI = 3.28-16.82).

CONCLUSION

Neonatal near miss affected newborns of adolescent mothers in both age groups equally. Also, the determinant factors of neonatal near miss can be mostly reduced with qualified prenatal, labor, and birth care.

Fatores associados ao near miss neonatal em recém-nascidos de adolescentes brasileiras

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados ao near miss neonatal em recém-nascidos de adolescentes brasileiras e comparar sua ocorrência entre as jovens de 12 a 16 anos e as de 17 a 19 anos. Método: Estudo transversal, de base hospitalar, com dados da pesquisa “Nascer no Brasil”, composto por puérperas adolescentes e seus recém-nascidos em todas as regiões do país. Utilizou-se regressão logística univariada e múltipla para identificar os fatores associados ao near miss neonatal. Resultados: Mostraram-se associados ao near miss neonatal de recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes os fatores fonte de pagamento público (OR = 4,57, IC95% = 2,02–10,32), peregrinação por maternidades (OR = 1,52; IC95% = 1,05–2,20) e presença de near miss materno (OR = 5,92; IC95% = 1,94–18,05), além de histórico de baixo peso em gestação anterior (OR = 3,12; IC95% = 1,61–6,04) e gemelaridade (OR = 7,49; IC95% = 3,28–16,82). Conclusão: O near miss neonatal acometeu igualmente os recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes de ambas as faixas etárias. Além disso, os determinantes do near miss neonatal, em sua maioria, podem ser reduzidos com atenção qualificada ao pré-natal, parto e nascimento.

Profile of women affected with premature childbirth and neonatal outcomes

Abstract Objectives: to describe the profile of women affected with premature childbirth and neonatal outcomes at a referral maternity in the city of Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. Methods: descriptive and retrospective documentary type study, with a quantitative approach, carried out from January to December, 2017, with 253 medical records of women who had premature childbirth in a referral maternity. Results: the average age was 28, with the prevalence of women living in a stable union, graduated from high school and without formal work. The gestational mean average was three pregnancies, gestational age of 34 weeks and three days, and six prenatal consultations, starting in the first trimester. The major intercurrence was pre-eclampsia. In relation to the neonatal data, there was a prevalence of male newborns, with an average of 2.251 kg and a score of seven on the 1-minute Apgar and eight on the 5-minute Apgar. Newborns in going to a hospital accommodation after childbirth and in room air, spending an average of 12.71 days in the hospital. Conclusion: in this case of this research, knowing the woman’s profile and the outcomes in premature newborns is useful to encourage public policies and reduce the sequelae on mother and baby

Pregnancy in adolescence in Brazil: associated factors with maternal age

Abstract Objectives: describing maternal characteristics, risk behavior, obstetric data, prenatal care and childbirth in adolescent mothers in Brazil (age groups: 12-16 years and 17-19 years). Methods: hospital-based cross-sectional study substantiated by Nascer no Brasil”, (Born in Brazil) data. The study encompassed puerperal adolescent mothers from all regions in the country, and their newborns. Chi-square test was used to compare adolescents in the 12-16 years old age group and those in the 17-19 years old age group. Results: pregnant women in the 12-16 years old age group mostly lived in the Northeast of Brazil (p=0.014); most of them did not have a partner (p<0.001), unplanned pregnancy (p<0.001), they had inadequate schooling for their age (p=0.033), had less than six prenatal consultations (p=0.021), were subjected to episiotomy (p=0.042) and accounted for the largest number of premature babies (p=0.014). Conclusions: puerperal women in the 12-16 years old age group presented vulnerability in their socioeconomic conditions, inadequate assistance at the prenatal and childbirth care, as well as their babies showed neonatal complications that pointed towards these adolescent mothers’ need of multidisciplinary care.

Factors associated with neonatal death among adolescent mothers

Abstract Objectives: to analyze factors associated with neonatal death among adolescent mothers. Methods: randomized hospital-based cross-sectional study in a tertiary institution,, data from the Sistema de Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc), (Live Birth Information System), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) (Mortality Information System), and medical records. The study population was comprised of 1,341 adolescents aged 10-19 who had assisted childbirth at the institution between 2012 to 2016. The independent variables were sociodemographic characteristics, care, prenatal, childbirth, birth, and newborn’s hospitalization, as well as the baby’s characteristics. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the association between neonatal death and explanatory variables. Results: the factors associated with death were from the countryside or other States (OR=2.68; CI95% =1.24-5.81), Apgar scores lower than 7 in the 1st (OR= 9.52; CI95% = 4.15-21.81) and the 5th (OR=4.17; CI95%=1.53-11.34) minutes of life; and birth weight less than 999g (OR=13.37; CI95% =3, 64-49.04) and between 1,500 to 2,499g (OR=3.43; CI95%=1.37-8.58). Conclusions: apgar and low birth weight were associated with the neonatal death among adolescent mothers, as well as the fact they come from the countryside and other States. These findings show, in addition to classic risks, potential difficulties for adolescents in having access to healthcare services in their hometown. To reduce the risks, there is a need for restructuring the maternal and child healthcare network and ensure a social protection network for these girls.

Trends in fertility rates, proportion of antenatal consultations and caesarean sections among Brazilian adolescents

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the temporal trends in the fertility rate, proportion of antenatal consultations and caesarean sections in Brazilian adolescents aged 15 to 19, between 2000 and 2015. Methods: The fertility rate, proportion of prenatal consultations and proportion of routes of birth were calculated using data from DATASUS. The trend analysis was performed using the Prais-Winsten regression model and the annual percentage change.

RESULTS

There was a trend of reduction of 3.5% per year in the fertility rate among adolescents (p<0.05), in addition to an increasing trend of 6% per year in the proportion of more than six antenatal consultations (p <0.0001) and an increasing trend of 6.8% per year in the proportion of caesarean sections (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Despite the decreasing trend in fertility rates among Brazilian adolescents, they remain high. Also noteworthy is the growing trend for caesarean sections, even with improved access to antenatal care.

Associated factors with spatial variation of adolescent pregnancy in Brazil, 2014: an ecological study of spatial clusters

OBJECTIVE

To identify socioeconomic and health care determinants of spatial variation in adolescent pregnancy in Brazil in 2014.

METHODS

This was a spatial ecological study having municipalities as units of analysis. Spatial linear regression was used to verify association between the fertility rate in 15-19 year-old women and socioeconomic and health variables.

RESULTS

The adolescent fertility rate was negatively associated with higher Family Health Strategy coverage (β = -0.011 - 95%CI -0.017;-0.005), an adequate number of prenatal consultations (β = -0.122 - 95%CI -0.132;-0.224) and low average family income per capita (β = -0.104 - 95%CI -0.105;-0.103). Association was positive in relation to the Gini index (β = 7.031 - 95%CI 4.793;9.269), low income (β = 0.127 - 95%CI 0.108;0.145), higher household density (β = 6.292 - 95%CI 5.062;7.522) and less schooling (β = 0.260 - 95%CI 0.224;0.295).

CONCLUSION

Reduced access to primary care and lower income are associated with higher adolescent fertility rates. Poorer socioeconomic and health care indicators are associated with higher adolescent fertility rates.

Temporal trend and factors associated to teenage pregnancy

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the trend and factors associated to teenage pregnancy in a municipality in Paraná state.

METHOD

Ecological study conducted with registers of babies born to teenage mothers between 2000 and 2015 from the Birth Information System (Sistema de Informação sobre Nascimento). Proportions were calculated year by year for a trend analysis of teenage pregnancy. Two series of three-year periods were collected for an odds ratio analysis of associated factors.

RESULTS

The following variables were associated to teenage pregnancy: not having a partner; less than eight years of schooling; primiparity; gestational age shorter than thirty-seven weeks; caesarean section; less than seven appointments; and Apgar below seven in the first minute. A decline trend was observed among pregnant teenagers who had partners; growing trend for teenage expectant mothers who had more than eight years of schooling and premature birth; decline/growing for normal birth; growing for number of prenatal appointments; decline for first and fifth minute Apgar score; growing for congenital anomalies.

CONCLUSION

The analysis provided information that can be used to promote pregnancy prevention strategies and assistance to adolescent mothers.

Nursing Scientific Production on Teenage Pregnancy: An Integrative Review

Objective: To identify, in the national and international scientific literature, the evidence produced by Nursing that provides subsidies to prevent teenage pregnancy. Material and method: An integrative literature review study, based on papers available in the PubMed, BVS, Scopus and Web of Science metabases, and in the Lilacs and BDEnf databases, in Portuguese, English and Spanish languages, published from January 2013 to March 2020. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, 13 articles were selected. The findings are presented in the categories “lower socio-economic conditions”, “knowledge, attitudes and cultural aspects” and “sexual education and specialized services”. Conclusions: Teenage pregnancy is strongly associated with poverty and other socio-economic issues. Gender relations, communication about sex education in the family and other cultural aspects were found in the discussions, which indicates their impact on this phenomenon. Interventions involving sex education are shown as an alternative to cope. The presence of the nurse at the places that assist or concentrate adolescents can be a great element to reduce pregnancy rates in this phase.

Ciência & Saúde Coletiva - 25 years: contributions to pregnancy, delivery, and childhood studies

We reviewed the scientific production on maternal health and the health of children under ten years of age, published in Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva during the last 25 years, focusing on quantitative studies. The authors' characteristics, populations under study, thematic areas, and methodology are described. A total of 170 publications were identified and grouped into 12 major themes. Pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium were the subject of 47 studies, followed by child anthropometric assessments (29), breastfeeding (24), and mortality (13). The selected publications represented 3.5% of the total original papers published by the Journal since its creation in 1996 and about 5% of the publications in the 2015-2020 period. The primary data sources were health service records, information systems, and population surveys. The cross-sectional design was used in 113 of the 170 articles, and 70% covered only one municipality. The Southeast and Northeast Regions of Brazil were the target of most studies, and the North Region was the least represented. The publications reflect the complexity of maternal and child health themes, with a particular focus on the importance of the Unified Health System and showing how open access data can contribute to public health research.

Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight in Indigenous Populations: a systematic review of the world literature

Abstract Objectives: we aimed to identify etiological factors for low birth weight (LBW), prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in the Indigenous Population. Methods: for this systematic review, publications were searched in Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs until April 2018. The description in this review was based on the PRISMA guideline (Study protocol CRD42016051145, registered in the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination at University of York). We included original studies that reported any risk factor for one of the outcomes in the Indigenous Population. Two of the authors searched independently for papers and the disagreements were solved by a third reviewer Results: twenty-four studies were identified, most of them were from the USA, Canada and Australia. The factors associated were similar to the ones observed in the non-indigenous including unfavorable obstetric conditions, maternal malnutrition, smoking, and maternal age at the extremes of childbearing age, besides environmental factors, geographic location, and access to health care in indigenous communities. Conclusions: etiologic factors for LBW in Indigenous Population have been receiving little attention, especially in Latin America. The three outcomes showed common causes related to poverty and limited access to healthcare. New studies should ensure explicit criteria for ethnicity, quality on the information about gestational age, and the investigation on contextual and culture-specific variables.

Helplessness experienced by adolescent mothers and pregnant adolescents sheltered in institutions

The experience of helplessness or abandonment during pregnancy affects the emotional state of women, hindering their disposition in taking care of themselves and their baby. The aim of this study was to understand the emotional experience arising from intra-family violence experienced by institutionally sheltered adolescent mothers and pregnant adolescents. This study is exploratory, descriptive, clinical and qualitive. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a psychologist from the institution and with six adolescents in the institution: one pregnant girl and five mothers. The data showed that helplessness was experienced by participants both during their pregnancy and throughout their lives. The institution was found to be the only place of protection, care and support for adolescents in the puerperal pregnancy period. The adolescents' mothers had also experienced abandonment by either their family members or their partners and the adolescents themselves repeated this abandonment with their own children. This study concludes that violence has consequences for the lives of adolescents, causing immense suffering and a transgenerational repetition of violence, demanding greater prevention and intervention.

História gestacional e características da assistência pré-natal de puérperas adolescentes e adultas em uma maternidade do interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a história gestacional e as características da assistência pré-natal de puérperas adolescentes e adultas em uma maternidade localizada em uma cidade de Minas Gerais, referência para a macrorregião de saúde do Jequitinhonha. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo. Entrevistou-se 327 puérperas, entre maio de 2013 a março de 2014, utilizando um instrumento semiestruturado. Predominou o número de puérperas adultas com uma amostra de 255. Com relação ao pré-natal, 324 puérperas realizaram as consultas. Quanto ao local de realização do pré-natal, 79,2% das adolescentes, realizaram no serviço público de saúde, enquanto entre as adultas essa porcentagem foi de 60,4%. Quanto ao tipo de parto, 54,7% das puérperas o tiveram normal e 45% cesárea. Entre as adolescentes, houve uma maior porcentagem de parto normal comparado às adultas, e esse dado teve relação estatisticamente significativa com a idade da puérpera. Com relação à idade gestacional no momento do parto, 85,9% tiveram seus partos a termo; 13,5% pré-termo e 0,6% pós-termo. Evidenciou-se que as puérperas adolescentes estiveram em desvantagem em relação às demais mães no que diz respeito tanto às características socioeconômicas quanto na assistência recebida no pré-natal.

Adolescent Deliveries in a Secondary-Level Care Hospital of Cameroon: A Retrospective Analysis of the Prevalence, 6-Year Trend, and Adverse Outcomes

STUDY OBJECTIVE

Adolescents are generally ill-equipped to deal with the burden of a pregnancy. A high prevalence of adolescent pregnancies is among the indicators of limitations toward the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in most developing countries. We sought to determine the prevalence, 6-year trend, and adverse outcomes of adolescent deliveries. We also tested whether being married decreased the risk of adverse fetal outcomes in these adolescents.

DESIGN

A 6-year retrospective register analysis.

SETTING

Buea Regional Hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Birth records from 2007 to 2012.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Prevalence and 6-year trend in the rate of adolescent deliveries; adverse fetal outcomes.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of adolescent deliveries was 9.9% (491 of 4941). There was no significant change in the annual prevalence of adolescent deliveries over 6 years (P trend = .8). Adolescent pregnancies were at higher risk of preterm deliveries (deliveries at gestational age <37 completed weeks; odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-2.2; P < .01), low birth weight (defined as birth weight <2600 g; OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3; P < .01), and neonatal asphyxia (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; P < .01). There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse outcomes between married and single adolescents.

CONCLUSION

One of every 10 babies is born from adolescent mothers in the Buea Regional Hospital. Whether these mothers are married or not, their neonates are exposed to higher morbidity. This emphasizes the need for more adolescent-friendly public health policies geared toward reducing the prevalence of this condition to improve the chances of attaining the Millennium Development Goals in Cameroon.

Maternal and neonatal factors related to prematurity

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify maternal and neonatal factors associated with prematurity in the municipality of Porto Alegre. METHOD This was a population-based case-control study. The cases were newborns under 37 weeks of gestation and the controls were newborns over 37 weeks. The data came from the records of 19,457 births in the city of Porto Alegre in the year 2012 from the Information System on Live Births of the Municipal Health Department. The analysis was carried outand adjusted by a Logistic Regression according to a hierarchical model. The variables studied were allocated into three hierarchy levels: sociodemographic variables; reproductive history; and gestational and birth factors. RESULTS There were 767 cases allocated and 1,534 controls in a design of a case for two controls (1:2) by simple randomization. In the final model, a statistically significant association was found for prematurity for the following variables: mother's age under 19 years old (OR=1.32; CI 95%: 1.02-1.71) or over 34 years old (OR=1.39; CI 95%: 1.12-1.72); inadequate maternal schooling for age (OR=2.11; CI 95%: 1.22-3.65); multiple pregnancies (OR=1.14; CI 95%: 1.01-1.29); C-section (OR=1.15; CI 95%: 1.03-1.29); birth weights under 2,500g (OR=4.04; CI 95%: 3.64-4.49); Apgar score at five minutes between zero and three (OR=1.47; CI 95%: 1.12-1.91); and inadequate prenatal care (OR=1.18; CI 95%: 1.02-1.36). CONCLUSION The present study showed the most immediate consequence of prematurity for newborns by evidencing its association with worse Apgar scores and low birth weight. The following factors were also shown as possible more distal determinants of prematurity: mother's age; inadequate maternal education; multiple gestation; inadequate prenatal care; and C-section.

Child care and health rights: perspectives of adolescent mothers

AbstractOBJECTIVETo analyze child health care and the defense of their rights from the perspective of adolescent mothers.METHODSAn exploratory study with qualitative thematic analysis of data, based on conceptual aspects of care and the right to health, from semi-structured interviews with 20 adolescent mothers ascribed by Family Health teams.RESULTSMaternal reports indicate that child health care requires responsibility and protection, with health practices that promote child advocacy. Gaps in assistance which preclude the full guarantee of the right to child health care were also highlighted.CONCLUSIONThe right to health care assumed different meanings, and the forms to guarantee them were linked to individual behavior in detriment to broader actions that consider health as a social product, connected to the guarantee of other fundamental rights.