Reported diabetes mellitus: incidence and determinants in cohort of community dwelling elderly people in São Paulo City, Brazil: SABE study, health, wellness and aging

Síndrome metabólica em idosos diabéticos tipo 2 atendidos em ambulatório de uma capital brasileira

Objetivo: identificar a prevalência de síndrome metabólica e seus fatores associados em idosos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudo descritivo observacional realizado com idosos diagnosticados com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, no período de 2017-2018, recrutados no Ambulatório de Nutrição/Diabetes do Núcleo de Assistência ao Idoso da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Foram coletados os dados: sexo e faixa etária e, para a avaliação antropométrica dos participantes, foram mensurados o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência de cintura. Também foram coletados os valores de colesterol total e frações, além de glicemia em jejum, hemoglobina glicosilada e diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial. Para analisar os dados obtidos foram utilizados os testes t de Student, Qui-quadrado de Pearson e teste de MannWhitney. Para as análises, foi adotado um intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: a amostra foi de 273 participantes, com média de idade de 68,77±5,65 anos e cerca de 89,8% (n=158) apresentaram síndrome metabólica. A presença dessa condição foi associada a valores maiores de peso corporal (p=0,04), índice de massa corporal (p=0,003), circunferência de cintura (p<0,001) e glicemia em jejum (p=0,007). Conclusões: ocorreu alta prevalência de síndrome metabólica nos idosos estudados com essa condição associada a valores maiores de peso corporal, índice de massa corporal, circunferência de cintura e glicemia em jejum. Esses achados demonstram a importância na identificação precoce e na intervenção preventiva dessas condições na população idosa, diminuindo a morbimortalidade por ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares e melhorando sua qualidade de vida.

Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND

Evidence relating tobacco smoking to type 2 diabetes has accumulated rapidly in the last few years, rendering earlier reviews considerably incomplete.

AIM

To review and meta-analyse evidence from prospective studies of the relationship between smoking and the onset of type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

Prospective studies were selected if the population was free of type 2 diabetes at baseline and evidence was available relating smoking to onset of the disease. Papers were identified from previous reviews, searches on Medline and Embase and reference lists. Data were extracted on a range of study characteristics and relative risks (RRs) were extracted comparing current, ever or former smokers with never smokers, and current smokers with non-current smokers, as well as by amount currently smoked and duration of quitting. Fixed- and random-effects estimates summarized RRs for each index of smoking overall and by various subdivisions of the data: Sex; continent; publication year; method of diagnosis; nature of the baseline population (inclusion/exclusion of pre-diabetes); number of adjustment factors; cohort size; number of type 2 diabetes cases; age; length of follow-up; definition of smoking; and whether or not various factors were adjusted for. Tests of heterogeneity and publication bias were also conducted.

RESULTS

The literature searches identified 157 relevant publications providing results from 145 studies. Fifty-three studies were conducted in Asia and 53 in Europe, with 32 in North America, and seven elsewhere. Twenty-four were in males, 10 in females and the rest in both sexes. Fifteen diagnosed type 2 diabetes from self-report by the individuals, 79 on medical records, and 51 on both. Studies varied widely in size of the cohort, number of cases, length of follow-up, and age. Overall, random-effects estimates of the RR were 1.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.28-1.38] for current vs never smoking, 1.28 (95%CI: 1.24-1.32) for current vs non-smoking, 1.13 (95%CI: 1.11-1.16) for former vs never smoking, and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.21-1.28) for ever vs never smoking based on, respectively, 99, 156, 100 and 100 individual risk estimates. Risk estimates were generally elevated in each subdivision of the data by the various factors considered (exceptions being where numbers of estimates in the subsets were very low), though there was significant (P < 0.05) evidence of variation by level for some factors. Dose-response analysis showed a clear trend of increasing risk with increasing amount smoked by current smokers and of decreasing risk with increasing time quit. There was limited evidence of publication bias.

CONCLUSION

The analyses confirmed earlier reports of a modest dose-related association of current smoking and a weaker dose-related association of former smoking with type 2 diabetes risk.