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Watanabe-Galloway S, Chasek C, Yoder AM, Bell JE. Substance use disorders in the farming population: Scoping review. J Rural Health 2022; 38:129-150. [PMID: 33955045 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this scoping review is to summarize the current knowledge base in order to make recommendations for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders among the farming populations. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed articles published between January 1989 and September 2019. The search yielded 3,426 citations and the final review was conducted on 42 articles. The full review was conducted by 4 authors to extract information about the target population, data collection methods, and main results. FINDINGS There were 21 articles on farmers and 21 articles on farmworkers. The majority of the articles were about alcohol. Overall, farmers had higher prevalence of risky alcohol consumption patterns than nonfarmers. The prevalence of risky alcohol consumption was also high among farmworkers compared to the general population. Risk factors for risky alcohol consumption included male gender, lower socioeconomic status, and psychological problems (eg, depression). Recommendations for prevention and intervention of alcohol disorders included policy development and implementation to curb alcohol access by taxation, screening of alcohol-related problems, and alternative means of recreation instead of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS This review confirmed that alcohol-related problems are prevalent among farmers and farmworkers. More population-based research is called for to understand the additional risk factors of alcohol disorders and the prevalence of other substance-related disorders. Also, interventions should be tailored to the unique culture of farmers and farmworkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Watanabe-Galloway
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Christine Chasek
- Department of Counseling and School Psychology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Aaron M Yoder
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jesse E Bell
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural & Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Alves RM, Santos EGDO, Barbosa IR. Abuse of alcohol among farmers: Prevalence and associated factors. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254904. [PMID: 34351925 PMCID: PMC8341596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to identify the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol abuse among farmers living in a medium-sized municipality in northeastern Brazil during 2019 and 2020. Trained interviewers applied the standardized questionnaire to 450 participants. Sociodemographic, health, income and work characteristics were investigated. The tracking of alcohol misuse was done using the CAGE questionnaire (Cut down, Annoyed by criticism, Guilty and Eye-opener), being the cut-off point ≥ 2. Poisson Regression was applied with robust estimation to verify the reasons of prevalence (RP) in bivariate and multivariate analysis. The prevalence of alcohol abuse among farmers was 32% (95% CI 27.8-36.4). Factors such as being male, having a diagnosis of mental disorder in the family, being a smoker, and using drugs were associated with the higher prevalence of the outcome. Being 60 years old or older was associated with a lower prevalence of alcohol abuse. These results indicate the need for social support to this group of workers in the context of occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Machado Alves
- Department of Collective Health-Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa
- Department of Collective Health-Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Pundee R, Kallayanatham N, Pengpumkiat S, Chungcharoen J, Phommalachai C, Konthonbut P, Choochouy N, Sowanthip P, Khangkhun P, Yimsabai J, Woskie S. Acute Changes in Thyroid Hormone Levels among Thai Pesticide Sprayers. TOXICS 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33477987 PMCID: PMC7835790 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of acute pesticide exposures and acute changes in thyroid hormones among Thai farmers. We recruited 78 farmers, who were scheduled to spray insecticides (chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin) or herbicides (paraquat and/or glyphosate). On the day before spraying, farmers collected their first morning void urine and went for blood collection. On the spray day, urine samples were collected at end of the spraying event and they were interviewed with questionnaires. The next morning, the first morning void urine and blood samples were collected. Blood samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones. Urine samples were analyzed for the metabolites of the pesticide sprayed. The results showed that the thyroid hormones, free triiodothyronine (FT3) and total triiodothyronine (T3) were significantly reduced as urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite increased the day after spraying. Total thyroxine (T4) significantly increased as cypermethrin metabolites increased the day after spraying. T4 significantly increased as urinary glyphosate levels increased; however, FT3 and T3 decreased significantly as urinary paraquat levels increased the day after spraying. These findings suggest that acute exposures to the pesticides chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, paraquat and glyphosate can produce acute effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, acutely altering thyroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Kongtip
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Noppanun Nankongnab
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Ritthirong Pundee
- Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan 60130, Thailand;
| | - Nichcha Kallayanatham
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Sumate Pengpumkiat
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Jutamanee Chungcharoen
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Chavisa Phommalachai
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Pajaree Konthonbut
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvidhi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (N.N.); (N.K.); (S.P.); (J.C.); (C.P.); (P.K.)
| | - Nattagorn Choochouy
- Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University Lampang Campus, Lampang 52190, Thailand;
| | - Preecha Sowanthip
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, EHT, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Phanthawee Khangkhun
- Bureau of Elderly Health, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand;
| | - Jutharak Yimsabai
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Buddhachinaraj Phitsanulok Hospital, 90 Sithamma Traipidok Road, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand;
| | - Susan Woskie
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854-2867, USA;
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Godoy FR, Nunes HF, Alves AA, Carvalho WF, Franco FC, Pereira RR, da Cruz AS, da Silva CC, Bastos RP, de Melo E Silva D. Increased DNA damage is not associated to polymorphisms in OGGI DNA repair gene, CYP2E1 detoxification gene, and biochemical and hematological findings in soybeans farmers from Central Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:26553-26562. [PMID: 31292876 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Our study evaluated 163 individuals, being 74 soybean farmers, occupationally exposed to pesticides, and 89 individuals from Goias municipalities, Central Brazil, with similar conditions to the exposed group, comprising the control group. Of the 74 soybean farmers, 43 exposed directly to pesticides and 31 exposed indirectly. The exposed group consisted of individuals aged 19 to 63 years, 21 women and 53 men, and the control group had ages ranging from 18 to 64 years, being 36 women and 53 men. 18.9% of the exposed group were poisoned by pesticides, and the most common symptoms were headache and gastrointestinal problems. The genotype frequencies of the rs2031920 (T>C) polymorphism in the CYP2E1 gene present significant differences between the exposed and control groups (p = 0.02), showing that 24.3% of the exposed group were heterozygotes against 6.7% in the control group. For the OGG1 gene, two SNPs, rs1052133 (G>C) and rs293795 (T>C), were evaluated and the genotype frequencies were not statistically different between the exposed and control groups. The DNA damage was distinct (p < 0.05) in the three analyzed comet parameters (tail length, Olive tail moment, %DNA) between groups. However, there was no influence of age and alcohol consumption between the groups associated with the polymorphisms in the CYP2E1 and OGG1 genes and DNA damage. We also did not find altered hematological and biochemical parameters in the exposed group. Thus, this pioneering study at Goias State carried out an overview of the health of soybean farmers. We evaluated classic laboratory exams, associated with exposure markers (comet assay) and susceptibility markers (genetic polymorphisms), emphasizing the need to expand the Brazilian health assessment protocol. We found, in soybean farmers, increased DNA damage and a higher number of heterozygotes in CYP2E1 gene, compared with the control group, despite the lack of association with age, educational level, smoking, drinking habits, and genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ribeiro Godoy
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Hugo Freire Nunes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Arruda Alves
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Fernandes Carvalho
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Craveiro Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Roncato Pereira
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alex Silva da Cruz
- Escola de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias, Campus II, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Carlos da Silva
- Escola de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias, Campus II, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rogério Pereira Bastos
- Laboratório de Herpetologia e Comportamento Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Depto. de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, ICB I, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Bairro: Campus Universitário, Goiânia, GO, CEP: 74690-900, Brazil.
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