Labor and childbirth care in maternities participating in the "Rede Cegonha/Brazil": an evaluation of the degree of implementation of the activities

Temporal trend in fetal mortality according to two death avoidability classifications

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the temporal trend of fetal mortality and its components, of avoidable and ill-defined causes according to two avoidability classifications in Recife, Pernambuco, 2010-2021.

METHOD

Ecological study of temporal trends of fetal mortality in Recife, 2010-2021. The Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Death for fetal deaths (LBE-OF) and Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Death for children under five years of age (LBE < 5) were used. The Joinpoint regression model was applied to analyze the temporal trends.

RESULTS

Trends in fetal mortality and its components were stationary. The group of avoidable causes presented higher mortality rates in both classifications, with an increasing trend according to the LBE-OF (Annual Percentage Change-APC: 2,1; p = 0,018) and stationary according to the LBE < 5. There was a decreasing trend in mortality from ill-defined causes only according to the LBE-OF (APC: -12,3; p < 0,001).

CONCLUSION

The results showed the stagnation of the temporal trend in fetal mortality, the avoidability of most deaths, and the potential of LBE-OF in monitoring the quality of information on the basic causes and avoidability of fetal deaths.

[Factors associated with breastfeeding at birth in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, Brazil, 2016-2017]

Breastfeeding (BF) is a human right, and it must start from birth. The adequacy of Rede Cegonha (RC) strategies can contribute to the promotion of BF. The objective was to identify factors associated with BF in the first and 24 hours of live births at full-term maternity hospitals linked to CR. Cross-sectional study with data from the second evaluation cycle 2016-2017 of the RC that covered all of Brazil. Odds ratios were obtained through binary logistic regression according to a hierarchical model, with 95% confidence intervals and p-value < 0.01. The prevalence of BF in the first hour was 31% and in the 24 hours 96.6%. The chances of BF in the first hour increased: presence of a companion during hospitalization, skin-to-skin contact, vaginal delivery, delivery assistance by a nurse and accreditation of the unit in the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Similar results at 24 hours, and association with maternal age below 20 years. BF in the first hour was less satisfactory than in the 24 hours, probably due to the high prevalence of cesarean sections, a factor associated with a lower chance of early BF. Continuous training of professionals about BF and the presence of an obstetric nurse during childbirth are recommended to expand BF in the first hour.

Logical model of reception and risk classification for women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia

OBJECTIVE

To describe the validation of the Logical Model of Reception and Risk Classification for women with pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in a high-risk maternity hospital.

METHOD

Evaluative research with a quantitative approach. The elaboration and validation of the Logical Model were systematized in stages related to the scope review, preparation of the document guided by the Donabedian model and validation by 12 stakeholders, aiming at the assessment of the Content Validation Index.

RESULTS

The problem that gave rise to the intervention was elaborated, supporting the construction of the Logical Model. Agreement was reached on 24 items, reaching a Content Validation Index of 0.99. Stakeholders included contributions regarding correlations between elements of the structure and process.

CONCLUSION

The document achieved high content validity and could contribute to decision-making by managers in the Reception and Risk Classification sectors for women with pre-eclampsia and/or eclampsia.

Satisfaction with childbirth care in Brazilian maternity hospitals participating in the Stork Network program: women's opinions

This study aimed to describe maternal satisfaction with their experience during childbirth and birth and their association with sociodemographic, clinical and obstetric, and good practice characteristics during childbirth care. The sample included 2,069 women who wanted to express their opinions at the end of the interview of the Stork Network Assessment survey. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to summarize the variables of interest, creating latent variables, for input in the multiple logistic regression model. Six factors were created and tested in the model. Respect for the puerperal women was associated with satisfaction (vaginal delivery: 1.40; cesarean section: 1.47). Regarding those who underwent a cesarean section, satisfaction was associated with living in the Central-West (1.91) and South (2.00) regions and the presence of a companion during hospitalization (1.25). However, for women who had vaginal delivery, satisfaction was inversely associated with large hospitals (0.62) and undergoing interventions during labor and delivery (0.83), but positively with multiparity (1.98), receiving good care practices for labor and delivery (1.24), and having immediate contact with the newborn (1.20). The better understanding of the factors associated with mothers' care satisfaction for labor and delivery can improve care quality provided in public hospitals in the Brazil.

Prevalence of Congenital Infections in Newborns and Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening in Santa Catarina, Brazil

OBJECTIVE

to verify the frequency of congenital infections in newborns and their possible associations with the universal-neonatal-hearing-screening (UNHS) results, and evaluate a reference UNHS service in the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde-SUS), according to quality indicators.

METHODS

Historical cohort study with data analysis of newborns attending prestigious hearing-health SUS services from January 2017 to December 2021, in Santa Catarina, Brazil. The quality of screening coverage was assessed based on the quality indicators proposed by the Brazilian neonatal-hearing-screening-care guidelines (Diretrizes de Atenção da Triagem Auditiva Neonatal-DATAN). Logistic-regression analysis, crude OR calculations, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel OR calculation, and chi-square test were performed to estimate the association between risk indicators for hearing loss and UNHS failure.

RESULTS

In the last five years, the prestigious services performed UNHS on 34,801 newborns and met the DATAN quality indicators. Congenital syphilis was the most frequent (1.59%) congenital infection in newborns, followed by HIV (0.87%), whereas the least frequent was rubella (0.029%).

CONCLUSION

Prestigious UNHS services reached ≥95% hearing screening coverage. Considering all congenital infections, the prevalence was 2.87%, with congenital syphilis the most frequent. Newborns with congenital syphilis or HIV are more likely to fail UNHS.

Factors associated with the occurrence of upright birth in Brazil

OBJECTIVE

To identify the factors associated with Upright Delivery (UD) performed in hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha (RC) in Brazil.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study with 3,073 parturients who had vaginal delivery in 606 health facilities in Brazil, located in health regions with a regional action plan approved in the RC. Socioeconomic, demographic, and obstetric characteristics of the parturients, organizational and management aspects of maternity hospitals, and work processes in childbirth care were evaluated. The multivariate logistic regression model with a hierarchical approach was adjusted to identify the variables associated with UD (outcome), estimating Odds Ratios (OR) with a significance level of 5%.

RESULTS

Of the evaluated parturient, 6.7% gave birth in the vertical position. The following were associated with a greater chance of PPV: being black (OR=2.07); having 13 or more years of study (OR=3.20); giving birth in a high-risk hospital (OR=1.58); giving birth in PPP rooms (which assisted with labor, delivery, and puerperium in the same environment) in Obstetric Centers (OR=2.07) or in-hospital Normal Delivery Centers (OR=1.62); being assisted by an obstetrician nurse (OR=1.64) or by a midwife (OR=7.62) when compared to a doctor; receiving massage during labor and delivery (OR=1.89); using a stool (OR=4.16) and among women who did not ask for/not receive analgesia (OR=3.15).

CONCLUSION

The UD is an event related to racial aspects and the education of the parturient, being stimulated in health establishments where good practices of childbirth care are implemented, with adequate ambiance, and with multidisciplinary teams comprising midwives and obstetric nurses.

[Supply of best childbirth practices in maternity units of Rede Cegonha according to Item Response Theory]

This study aimed to develop an intelligible scale to measure the level of supply of best practices in labor, childbirth and delivery in maternity units in the Rede Cegonha (RC) based on the workers' perception. The scale consisted of seventeen items related to best practices, based on the instrument used in the "Evaluation of care during delivery and birth in maternity hospitals in the RC" research The three-parameter logistic model of Item Response Theory was used to create the scale and analyze the items. The scale consisted of three levels. In the first level, there are maternity hospitals that adequately offered strategies for welcoming and encouraging the pregnant woman to circulate during labor. The second level maternity wards also included the adequate offer of the right to a companion of choice, massage, ball and different birth positions. Finally, the third level maternity hospitals also offered an adequate delivery stool, as well as the items already mentioned. The findings of this study showed the contribution of each item in measuring the level of supply of best practices in care for labor, childbirth and delivery and the construction of an intelligible scale to assess RC maternity hospitals.

Presence of a full-time companion in Brazilian maternities linked to the Rede Cegonha

The objective was to estimate the proportion of women with a full-time companion in Brazilian maternities linked to the Rede Cegonha (RC) and to compare them between the macro-regions in Brazil. A nationwide study, carried out from December/2016 to October/2017. 10,665 puerperal women from all regions of Brazil participated in the study, who gave birth at one of 606 maternity hospitals with a regional action plan approved by RC. Proportions and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated, adjusted for the cluster effect, by comparing the macro-regions using Wald's chi-square test. The presence of a full-time companion occurred in 71.2% of maternities, being higher among women aged 20-35 years, brown-skinned, with higher education, married, and assisted in vaginal delivery. Almost 30% of puerperal women did not have a full-time companion. In the Southeast and Midwest regions, self-declared black women, with less schooling and unmarried women were less accompanied. The moment of delivery had less presence of the companion (29.2%). Despite the advances, this right is still not fully fulfilled, pointing to the occurrence of social inequities among Brazilian macro-regions.

Acolhimento ao parto em estabelecimentos de saúde vinculados à Rede Cegonha no Brasil: a perspectiva das usuárias

Este estudo objetivou analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e reprodutivos associados ao acolhimento ao parto em estabelecimentos de saúde vinculados à Rede Cegonha no Brasil, na perspectiva das usuárias. Foram selecionados 606 serviços com amostra de 10.540 puérperas. O desfecho foi a variável latente acolhimento da puérpera, composta por cinco indicadores: apresentação dos profissionais com nome e função, chamar a gestante pelo nome, compreensão das informações dadas, se sentir bem tratada e respeitada e ter as necessidades respondidas pela equipe. As variáveis explicativas foram: idade, escolaridade, cor da pele, situação conjugal, tipo de parto, paridade e peregrinação. Foi utilizada modelagem de equações estruturais. Observaram-se maiores percentuais de mulheres com idade de 20 a 34 anos (68,31%), que se autodeclararam como pardas (56,3%), com escolaridade entre 9 e 11 anos de estudo (56,1%) e que tinham companheiro (78,8%). Houve predominância de puérperas que tiveram parto vaginal (56,6%), com um a dois filhos (46%) e que relataram não peregrinar (91,9%). Apresentaram efeito direto positivo sobre o acolhimento mulheres com maior idade (CP = 0,094; p < 0,001) e maior escolaridade (CP = 0,096; p < 0,001). O parto cesáreo apresentou efeito direto negativo (CP = -0,059; p < 0,002) e cor da pele preta e parda apresentou efeitos direto e indireto negativos (CP = -0,081; p < 0,001 e CP = -0,014; p < 0,001). Puérpera com maior idade, maior escolaridade e que tiveram parto vaginal tiveram percepção mais positiva do acolhimento nos serviços de saúde.

Fatores associados à ocorrência de parto em posição vertical no Brasil

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados aos partos na posição vertical realizados em hospitais vinculados à Rede Cegonha no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 3.073 parturientes que tiveram parto vaginal em 606 estabelecimentos de saúde no Brasil, localizados em regiões de saúde com plano de ação regional aprovado na Rede Cegonha. Foram avaliadas características socioeconômicas, demográficas e obstétricas das parturientes, aspectos organizacionais e de gestão das maternidades e processos de trabalho na atenção ao parto. Modelo de regressão logística multivariada com abordagem hierarquizada foi ajustado para identificar as variáveis associadas ao parto na posição vertical (desfecho), estimando-se odds ratio (OR) com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Do total de parturientes avaliadas, 6,7% das mulheres tiveram parto na posição vertical. Estiveram associados à maior chance de ocorrência do parto na posição vertical: ser preta (OR=2,07); ter 13 ou mais anos de estudo (OR=3,20); parir em hospital de alto risco (OR=1,58); parir em quartos PPP (que dispunham de assistência ao trabalho de parto, parto e puerpério no mesmo ambiente) em centros obstétricos (OR=2,07) ou em centros de parto normal intra-hospitalares (OR=1,62); ser assistida por enfermeiro obstetra (OR=1,64) ou por obstetriz (OR=7,62) quando comparado ao médico; receber massagem durante o trabalho de parto e parto (OR=1,91); utilizar banqueta (OR=4,35) e entre mulheres que não pediram/não receberem analgesia (OR=3,33). Conclusão: O parto na posição vertical é um evento relacionado a aspectos raciais e à escolaridade da parturiente, sendo estimulado em estabelecimentos de saúde onde estão implantadas boas práticas de assistência ao parto, com ambiência adequada e com equipes multiprofissionais contendo obstetriz e enfermeiro obstetra.

Segurança do paciente na assistência ao parto: o que é debatido nos grupos de Facebook?

A segurança do paciente no contexto da assistência ao parto é um tema que vem ocupando as pautas de discussão sobre qualidade do cuidado materno-infantil ao redor do mundo. Discutir os eventos adversos na assistência ao parto e seus fatores contribuintes, na percepção dos pacientes e familiares, reportados em grupos de Facebook. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo que utilizou a plataforma de mídia digital Facebook como fonte de dados. Foram analisadas 55 postagens relacionadas à assistência ao parto nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2019, quanto ao conteúdo. Os achados foram classificados em duas categorias: (i) eventos adversos incluindo óbitos do recém-nascido, fetal e materno, hemorragias, infecções, lesões neurológicas, problemas relacionados à cirurgia e ao uso de medicamentos; e (ii) fatores contribuintes como atraso no atendimento, diagnóstico ou tratamento, violência obstétrica, erro diagnóstico e identificação do paciente. As plataformas de mídias digitais, podem se constituir espaços legitimados para debates e manifestações acerca de questões relacionadas à saúde incluindo aquelas ligadas à qualidade do cuidado obstétrico. Valorizar a percepção das pacientes, oriundas dessas ou de outras fontes é fundamental, mas requer o envolvimento de lideranças institucionais e profissionais na operacionalização de estratégias que facilitem a identificação precoce de fatores de risco, e possibilitem o diagnóstico e implementação do tratamento adequado oportuno com a participação ativa de pacientes e familiares.

Avaliação da organização e práticas de assistência ao parto e nascimento em três hospitais de Santa Catarina, Brasil

O objetivo foi avaliar a assistência hospitalar ao parto e ao nascimento, analisando aspectos de gestão e assistência desde a admissão das mulheres para o parto até o pós-parto. Foi realizada uma pesquisa avaliativa dos aspectos de gestão e práticas de assistência ao parto e nascimento, desenvolvida no período de novembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, em três hospitais de Santa Catarina, Brasil, com melhor desempenho em uma avaliação nacional de boas práticas de assistência ao parto e ao nascimento. A coleta de dados envolveu análise documental, observação e entrevistas com profissionais da gestão, assistência e puérperas. Foram analisados 30 indicadores, que compuseram uma matriz de análise e julgamento, agrupados nas dimensões Político-Organizacional e Tático-Operacional. O julgamento orientou-se pela comparação entre a pontuação observada e a pontuação máxima esperada em cada um dos componentes da matriz avaliativa. A assistência ao parto e ao nascimento foi parcialmente satisfatória nos hospitais 2 e 3 e insatisfatória no hospital 1. A dimensão Político-Organizacional foi classificada como insatisfatória e a Tático-Operacional parcialmente satisfatória nos três hospitais. Nenhum hospital obteve avaliação satisfatória em mais de 40% dos indicadores. Os hospitais analisados ainda não conseguiram consolidar as mudanças no modelo assistencial na perspectiva do cuidado humanizado, orientado por evidências científicas e direitos.

Transition of the environment model in hospitals that deliver in Rede Cegonha

This article analyzes the environment of birth places, considering the presence of PCP room (Prepartum, Childbirth, and Postpartum) in 575 hospitals that deliver in Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System) within the scope of Rede Cegonha. The data were extracted from a survey called Avaliação da atenção ao parto e nascimento nas maternidades da Rede Cegonha (Assessment of childbirth and birth care in the Rede Cegonha maternity units), carried out in 2017 by UFMA and ENSP, in partnership with the Ministry of Health. The PCP room model combines care for parturient women in a single space, favoring the role of women and the exercise of good practices in childbirth and birth care. The information was obtained by direct observation in the services, and assessment considered the presence and adequacy of PCP rooms and their distribution according to the pre-childbirth environment, which were compared with specific characteristics of these hospitals. Collective rooms for childbirths prevail and only 16.8% of beds are PCP rooms. This picture suggests difficulties in resource management, resistance to changes and insufficiencies in institutional support, which have hampered the transition from the childbirth environment model in Brazilian hospitals. The Brazilian obstetric and neonatal field has lived a fertile period, but it is necessary to build and sustain political-institutional disposition to advance the changes.

Evaluation of the Rede Cegonha: feedback of results for Brazilian maternity hospitals

This paper describes and analyzes the process of providing feedback on the results of the second evaluation cycle of good practices of delivery and birth care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, a Ministry of Health strategy implemented in 2011 to improve obstetric and neonatal healthcare and management. This is a qualitative study based on the documentary analysis of 27 reports from the states and the Federal District referring to the feedback workshops with 1.641 participants, 40% of whom were professionals and managers of the maternity hospitals evaluated, 25% of state representatives, 20% of municipal health secretariats and 15% of federal representatives. Around 46% of maternity hospitals' action plans in 11 states were received from January to August 2019. The results show the challenge of incorporating the monitoring and evaluation processes in these maternity hospitals' daily lives due to structural issues in institutional culture. This situation interferes with the local systematic analysis of information and the implementation of national evaluation cycles with the swift and continuous feedback of the results since access to secondary national data is non-existent in good delivery care practices.

Delivery care by obstetric nurses in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha, Brazil - 2017

This study aimed to assess whether nurses' presence in delivery care in maternity hospitals linked to the Rede Cegonha program promotes access to best obstetric practices during labor and delivery. We conducted an evaluative study in 2017 in all 606 SUS maternity hospitals that joined this strategic policy in all Brazilian states. We collected data from maternity hospital managers and puerperae. The analysis was performed at two levels: hospital with or without a nurse in delivery care; and professionals that attended vaginal delivery, whether doctors or nurses. We used best practices and interventions for vaginal deliveries and cesarean section rates as dependent variables. We included 5.016 subjects for analyses of vaginal deliveries and 9.692 to calculate cesarean section rates. Multiple regressions were adjusted for geographic region, maternity hospital size, and puerperae skin color and parity. Maternity hospitals with nurses in delivery care used more the partograph and less oxytocin, lithotomy, episiotomy, and cesarean section. Deliveries attended by nurses had more frequent use of the partograph and a lower likelihood of lithotomy and episiotomy. The inclusion of nurses in vaginal delivery care has successfully brought women closer to a more physiological and respectful delivery.

Childbirth care for adolescents and advanced maternal age in maternities linked to Rede Cegonha

Based on the Rede Cegonha guidelines that propose the strengthening of women's sexual and reproductive rights, we sought to present a brief overview of issues related to reproductive planning and to analyze obstetric practices in childbirth care for adolescents and women of advanced age in maternity hospitals linked to Rede Cegonha. Data were extracted from an assessment conducted in 2017, based on information from the interview with puerperal women and from the hospital record. For age extremes, the high proportion of unplanned pregnancies and low use of contraception means problems in accessing family planning programs. Adolescents are more exposed to the presence of a companion and less to the use of analgesia in labor. Advanced maternal age were more likely to use analgesia in labor and to give birth in the lithotomy position, being less exposed to amniotomy. Although Rede Cegonha is an excellent strategy for improving assistance to childbirth, attention is still needed to the use of potentially unnecessary or not recommended interventions, with greater incentive to good obstetric practices.

Assessment of delivery and childbirth care in the maternity units of Rede Cegonha: the methodological paths

This article describes the methodology used to evaluate delivery and childbirth care practices in maternity hospitals that belong to the Rede Cegonha, according to scientific evidence and rights guarantee. It shows the maternity selection criteria, the evaluated guidelines, their devices and check items, the method used to collect information and the treatment of data to obtain the results. It discusses the chosen guidelines and the strategy of returning results to managers and services and discusses their potential to foster management qualification processes and obstetric and neonatal care. This is a study of delivery and childbirth care practices of 606 maternity hospitals selected for the second evaluation cycle of the Rede Cegonha. The methodological paths stood out for the construction of tripartite co-responsibility for the process and the evaluation results, with an emphasis on its usefulness for the decision-makers and the hospital institutions involved.

Reduction of inequities of access to appropriate childbirth care in Rede Cegonha

This article compares the findings of "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha" (ARC - Stork Network Assessment), an evaluative study on the Rede Cegonha (RC - Stork Network) program, with Nascer no Brasil (NB - Born in Brazil), a national survey on labor and birth, conducted in 2011-12, before the start implementation of RC. ARC was conducted in 2017, in 606 maternity hospitals involved in RC and NB included a sample with national representation of 266 hospitals. In the current analysis, we included the 136 SUS hospitals that participated in both studies, totaling 3,790 and 12,227 puerperal women. We perform comparisons of best practices and interventions in the management of labor and delivery using Pearson's chi-square test for independent samples. The prevalence of best practices was, on average, 150% higher in ARC than in NB, with a greater relative increase in less developed regions, for older, brown and black women and less educated. Regarding interventions, there was an average reduction of 30% between NB and ARC, with a greater relative reduction in less developed regions and less educated women. There was a significant improvement in the scenario of care for labor and childbirth, with a reduction in regional, educational and racial inequalities in access to appropriate technologies, suggesting that the RC intervention was effective.