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Yuan F, Woollard JR, Jordan KL, Lerman A, Lerman LO, Eirin A. Mitochondrial targeted peptides preserve mitochondrial organization and decrease reversible myocardial changes in early swine metabolic syndrome. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:431-442. [PMID: 29267873 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The mechanisms responsible for cardiac damage in the early stages of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remain unknown. Mitochondria are intimately associated with cellular myofibrils, with the cytoskeleton functioning as a linkage coordinator, and closely associated to the calcium release sites of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We hypothesized that early MetS is characterized by mitochondria-related myocardial damage, associated with altered cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR interaction. Methods and results Domestic pigs were studied after 16 weeks of diet-induced MetS, MetS treated for the last 4 weeks with the mitochondrial-targeted peptide elamipretide (ELAM; 0.1 mg/kg SC q.d), or Lean controls (n = 6/group). Cardiac remodeling and function were assessed by fast comuted tomography. Myocardial mitochondrial structure, SR-mitochondria interaction, calcium handling, cytoskeletal proteins, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were studied ex-vivo. MetS pigs developed hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, yet cardiac function was preserved. MetS-induced mitochondrial disorganization, decreased (C18:2)4 cardiolipin, disrupted ATP/ADP balance, and decreased cytochrome-c oxidase (COX)-IV activity. MetS also increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)/NADP and GSH/GSSG, and decreased myocardial desmin and β2 tubulin immunoreactivity, and impaired SR-mitochondrial interaction and mitochondrial calcium handling, eliciting myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis. ELAM improved mitochondrial organization and cardiolipin species profile, restored ATP/ADP ratio and COX-IV activity, decreased H202 production, and improved generation of NADPH and GSH. ELAM also improved cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR interaction and mitochondrial calcium handling, attenuating oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Conclusions Disorganization of cardiomyocyte cytoskeletal-mitochondria-SR network is associated with cardiac reversible changes in early MetS, preceding overt cardiac dysfunction. These findings may introduce novel therapeutic targets for blunting cardiac damage in early MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, PR China
| | - John R Woollard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyra L Jordan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Zhang GQ, Tao YK, Bai YP, Yan ST, Zhao SP. Inhibitory Effects of Simvastatin on Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis in Vascular Endothelial Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:950-955. [PMID: 29664056 PMCID: PMC5912062 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.229891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced oxidative stress and endothelial apoptosis are essential for atherosclerosis. Our previous study has shown that ox-LDL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α-subunit (eIF2α)/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in endothelial cells. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that exert pleiotropic effects including suppression of oxidative stress. This study aimed to explore the roles of simvastatin on ox-LDL-induced ER stress and apoptosis in endothelial cells. Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with simvastatin (0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 μmol/L) or DEVD-CHO (selective inhibitor of caspase-3, 100 μmol/L) for 1 h before the addition of ox-LDL (100 μg/ml) and then incubated for 24 h, and untreated cells were used as a control group. Apoptosis, expression of PERK, phosphorylation of eIF2α, CHOP mRNA level, and caspase-3 activity were measured. Comparisons among multiple groups were performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey's tests. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL resulted in a significant increase in apoptosis (31.9% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.05). Simvastatin (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 μmol/L) led to a suppression of ox-LDL-induced apoptosis (28.0%, 24.7%, and 13.8%, F = 15.039, all P < 0.05, compared with control group). Ox-LDL significantly increased the expression of PERK (499.5%, P < 0.05) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (451.6%, P < 0.05), if both of which in the control groups were considered as 100%. Simvastatin treatment (0.1, 0.5, and 2.5 μmol/L) blunted ox-LDL-induced expression of PERK (407.8%, 339.1%, and 187.5%, F = 10.121, all P < 0.05, compared with control group) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (407.8%, 339.1%, 187.5%, F = 11.430, all P < 0.05, compared with control group). In contrast, DEVD-CHO treatment had no significant effect on ox-LDL-induced expression of PERK (486.4%) and phosphorylation of eIF2α (418.8%). Exposure of HUVECs to ox-LDL also markedly induced caspase-3 activity together with increased CHOP mRNA level; these effects were inhibited by simvastatin treatment. Conclusions: This study suggested that simvastatin could inhibit ox-LDL-induced ER stress and apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Kang Tao
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Ping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Sheng-Tao Yan
- Department of Emergency, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Tang F, Yang TL, Zhang Z, Li XG, Zhong QQ, Zhao TT, Gong L. MicroRNA-21 suppresses ox-LDL-induced human aortic endothelial cells injuries in atherosclerosis through enhancement of autophagic flux: Involvement in promotion of lysosomal function. Exp Cell Res 2017; 359:374-383. [PMID: 28823833 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common pathological basis of cardiovascular disease and remains the leading cause of mortality. Endothelial cell (EC) injury and autophagy dysfunction have been proved to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, accumulating evidence confirms that microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as vital regulators and fine-tuners of various pathophysiological cellular impacts and molecular signaling pathways involved in atherosclerosis. Herein, the objective of the present study was to explore the biological function of miR-21 in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) injury and the underlying molecular mechanism. The results showed that ox-LDL treatment significantly decreased HAECs viability, increased caspase-3 activity, apoptosis ratio and Bax protein expression, and reduced Bcl-2 protein expression resulting in EC injuries. Simultaneously, ox-LDL treatment obviously reduced miR-21 level in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Notably, ox-LDL-induced EC injuries were abolished by miR-21 mimics transfection. In addition, miR-21 mimics alleviated ox-LDL-induced impaired autophagic flux as illustrated by the increases in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin-1 protein expression, and the decrease in p62 protein expression in HAECs. Moreover, ox-LDL suppressed the expressions of lysosomal membrane protein (LAMP1) and cathepsin D proteins, and attenuated cathepsin D activity in HAECs, leading to lysosomal dysfunction, while these effects were also blocked by miR-21 mimics. These findings indicated that miR-21 restored impaired autophagic flux and lysosomal dysfunction, thereby attenuating ox-LDL-induced HAECs injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550002, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Tian-Lun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Centre for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qiao-Qing Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
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Chen Z, Wang M, He Q, Li Z, Zhao Y, Wang W, Ma J, Li Y, Chang G. MicroRNA-98 rescues proliferation and alleviates ox-LDL-induced apoptosis in HUVECs by targeting LOX-1. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1702-1710. [PMID: 28565756 PMCID: PMC5443247 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is a major and critical mediator of atherosclerosis, and the underlying mechanism is thought to involve the ox-LDL-induced dysfunction of endothelial cells (ECs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are a group of small non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of target genes, have been associated with diverse cellular functions and the pathogenesis of various diseases, including atherosclerosis. miRNA-98 (miR-98) has been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of cellular apoptosis; however, the role of miR-98 in ox-LDL-induced dysfunction of ECs and atherosclerosis has yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-98 in ox-LDL-induced dysfunction of ECs and the underlying mechanism. It was demonstrated that miR-98 expression was markedly downregulated in ox-LDL-treated human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and that miR-98 promoted the proliferation and alleviated apoptosis of HUVECs exposed to ox-LDL. In addition, the results demonstrated that lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1) was a direct target of miR-98 in HUVECs, as indicated by a luciferase assay. The results of the present study suggested that miR-98 may inhibit the uptake of toxic ox-LDL, maintain HUVEC proliferation and protect HUVECs against apoptosis via the suppression of LOX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Chen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Mian Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qiong He
- Division of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jieyi Ma
- Laboratory of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Guangqi Chang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Zhang L, Jia YH, Zhao XS, Zhou FH, Pan YY, Wan Q, Cui XB, Sun XG, Chen YY, Zhang Y, Cheng SB. Trichosanatine alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced endothelial cells injury via inhibiting the LOX-1/p38 MAPK pathway. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:5455-5464. [PMID: 28078016 PMCID: PMC5209496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The LOX-1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been proved to participate in the endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Trichosanatineis is an active compound isolated from the peel of Trichosanthes kirilowii. This study aims to determine whether trichosanatine prevents the oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced insult through inhibition of the LOX-1/p38 MAPK pathway in HUVECs. HUVECs were treated with 150 mg/ml ox-LDL for 24 h to establish an ox-LDL-induced endothelial injury model. Cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, LOX-1 and p38 MAPK expression level were measured. The results indicated that HUVECs were pretreated with either 100 mM trichosanatine or LOX-1 shRNA prior to exposure to ox-LDL for 24 h. Exposure of HUVECs to 150 mg/ml ox-LDL for 24 h significantly up-regulated the expression levels of LOX-1. The increased expression levels of LOX-1 were markedly attenuated by pretreatment with 100 mM trichosanatine. In addition, the ox-LDL-induced increase in phosphorylated (p) p38 MAPK expression was ameliorated by pretreatment with LOX-1 shRNA. Pretreatment of HUVECs with either trichosanatine or LOX-1 shRNA before exposure to ox-LDL significantly inhibited the ox-LDL-induced injuries, as evidenced by an increase in cell viability, a decrease in apoptotic cells, a ROS generation and a loss of MMP. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that the LOX-1/p38 MAPK pathway contributes to the ox-LDL-induced injury in HUVECs. Meanwhile, the trichosanatine protects the HUVECs against ox-LDL-induced injury at least in part by inhibiting the activated of LOX-1/p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Hua Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Yun Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Gang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yao Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Sai-Bo Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
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Wu R, Tang S, Wang M, Xu X, Yao C, Wang S. MicroRNA-497 Induces Apoptosis and Suppresses Proliferation via the Bcl-2/Bax-Caspase9-Caspase3 Pathway and Cyclin D2 Protein in HUVECs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167052. [PMID: 27918592 PMCID: PMC5137897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs play crucial roles in various types of diseases. However, to date, no information about the role of miR-497 in the development of atherosclerosis has been reported. This study investigated the possible role of miR-497 in vascular endothelial cell injury during the early stage of atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression level of miR-497 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to ox-LDL was detected using qRT-PCR. To perform gain of function and loss of function analyses, miR-497 mimics were transfected into HUVECs, and miR-497 inhibitors were transfected into HUVECs stimulated with ox-LDL. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle progression and apoptosis. EdU and CCK-8 assays were employed to detect DNA synthesis and cell proliferation, respectively. After bioinformatics prediction, a dual Luciferase Reporter assay was used to analyze the direct target genes of miR-497. The mRNA and protein levels of the target genes were detected using qRT-PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. Caspase-9/3 activity was analyzed to determine the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction. RESULTS We showed that miR-497 was significantly upregulated in HUVECs stimulated with ox-LDL. Ectopic expression of miR-497 suppressed cell proliferation, induced apoptosis and increased the activity of caspase-9/3. After verification, Bcl2 and CCND2 were shown to be direct target genes of miR-497 in HUVECs. MiR-497 significantly suppressed cell proliferation by arresting the cell cycle through the CCND2 protein and induced apoptosis through the Bcl2/Bax-caspase9-caspase3 pathway. CONCLUSION Overall, our study shows that miR-497 might play a role in the development of atherosclerosis by inducing apoptosis and suppressing the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. Therefore, miR-497 could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridong Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Dongguan Maternal & Children Health Hospital, Dongguan, P. R. China
| | - Mian Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (CY); (SW)
| | - Shenming Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (CY); (SW)
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