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Rocha S, Fernández XM, Castro YR, Ferreira S, Teixeira L, Campos C, Rocha NB. Exploring the associations between early maladaptive schemas and impulsive and compulsive buying tendencies. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1157710. [PMID: 37484671 PMCID: PMC10362270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1157710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this preliminary study was to investigate a potential relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and impulsive and compulsive buying tendencies in a sample of young adults (college students). This research adds to the cognitive perspective of consumer behavior that the cognitive schemas putatively associated with early experiences may have a strong impact on impulsive and compulsive buying. Data was obtained from 365 participants in a cross-sectional study design. Participants completed an online survey with the following instruments: Young Schema Questionnaire; Impulsive Buying Tendency Measurement Scale; Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale; and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Using multiple linear hierarchical regressions, we confirmed that the domain of over vigilance and inhibition schemas was positively associated with impulsive and compulsive buying tendencies, while an opposite association was found for the domain of impaired limits. Being a female was also a predictor of impulsive buying and compulsive buying. The results were discussed in terms of the coping mechanisms to deal with negative emotions, as a way to obtain rewards, or as a way to escape painful self-awareness. Other mechanisms related to the internalization of perfectionist expectations and the propensity to shame were also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Rocha
- Centre for Social and Organizational Studies (CEOS.PP), ISCAP - Porto Accounting and Business School, Polytechnic University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Xosé Manuel Fernández
- Centre for Social and Organizational Studies (CEOS.PP), ISCAP - Porto Accounting and Business School, Polytechnic University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez Castro
- Centre for Social and Organizational Studies (CEOS.PP), ISCAP - Porto Accounting and Business School, Polytechnic University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Simão Ferreira
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Teixeira
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Care and Health Technology, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Carlos Campos
- Neurocognition Group | LabRP, Center for Rehabilitation Research, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Digital Human‑Environment Interaction Lab (HEI‑LAB), Lusófona University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research, School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Etxaburu N, Momeñe J, Herrero M, Chávez-Vera MD, Olave L, Iruarrizaga I, Estévez A. Buying-shopping disorder, impulsivity, emotional dependence and attachment in adolescents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 43:1-12. [PMID: 36855642 PMCID: PMC9950704 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have shown that the incidence of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) is increasing. Impulsivity is one of the factors involved in its aetiology and is related to emotional dependence. In addition, early affective deprivation may trigger emotional dependence. The aims of the present study weresal: to compare the types of attachment, levels of emotional dependence, impulsivity and BSD according to sex; to determine whether the proposed relational model is fulfilled; and analyse possible differences in this model in terms of the sample's sex. The sample consisted of 1498 adolescents (53.8% men and 46.2% women) from Ecuador whose age ranged from 14 to 18 years (M = 15.77, SD = 1.21). The results showed that a preoccupied attachment style is indirectly related to a higher risk of BSD due to emotional dependence when impulsivity levels are medium or high because emotional dependence is moderated by impulsivity. The study variables are related in the same way in men and women but boys show higher levels of preoccupied attachment, impulsivity, emotional dependence and BSD. This study gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and provides information that could be of great use in assisting people with BSD. This knowledge could be applied to improve both the treatment and prevention of this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Estévez
- University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
- Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Challet-Bouju G, Mariez J, Perrot B, Grall-Bronnec M, Chauchard E. A Typology of Buyers Grounded in Psychological Risk Factors for Compulsive Buying (Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Buying Motives): Latent Class Analysis Approach ina Community Sample. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:277. [PMID: 32372984 PMCID: PMC7186342 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to identify meaningful subgroups of buyers based on psychological risk factors for compulsive buying. A community sample of 242 adult women fulfilled an online survey exploring buying habits and motives, impulsivity, self-esteem, and severity of compulsive buying. A latent class cluster analysis was performed. A nonproblematic cluster (28%) was characterized by low levels of impulsivity and buying motives. An intermediary cluster (51%) was characterized by higher levels of positive and negative reinforcement-related buying motives. Both clusters were characterized by a low frequency of compulsive buying (2 and 8%, respectively), but the severity of compulsive buying was higher for the intermediary cluster. A third cluster (21%) was characterized by a higher frequency of compulsive buying (43%), a higher severity of compulsive buying, a stronger feeling of losing control, and higher levels of negative urgency and coping motive. These results present similarities with the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of addiction and the negative reinforcement model of drug addiction, which both postulate that negative feelings play a central role in motivating and maintaining addiction. These results also echo other typologies performed in problem gamblers and problematic videogame users. These similarities of psychological profiles with other addictive behaviors, and with common symptoms and clinical expressions, are supplementary arguments to consider conceptualizing compulsive buying as an addictive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Challet-Bouju
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 "methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", Nantes, France
| | - Julie Mariez
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
| | - Bastien Perrot
- Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 "methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- CHU Nantes, Addictology and Psychiatry Department, Nantes, France.,Université de Nantes, Université de Tours, INSERM, SPHERE U1246 "methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch", Nantes, France
| | - Emeline Chauchard
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
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Lam SC, Chan ZSL, Chong ACY, Wong WWC, Ye J. Adaptation and validation of Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale in Chinese population. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:760-769. [PMID: 30264602 PMCID: PMC6426376 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Compulsive buying (CB) is a behavioral addiction that is conceptualized as an obsessive-compulsive and impulsive-control disorder. The Richmond Compulsive Buying Scale (RCBS), a six-item self-reporting instrument that has been validated worldwide, was developed based on this theoretical background. This study aimed to adapt RCBS to the Chinese population (RCBS-TC) to guide future national and international prevalence studies. METHODS This methodological study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the forward and backward translation of RCBS, the content and face validation of the RCBS, and the evaluation of its translation adequacy. Phase 2 involved the psychometric testing of RCBS-TC for its internal consistency, stability, and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). RESULTS In Phase 1, RCBS-TC obtained satisfactory item-level (I-CVI = 83.3%-100%) and scale-level content validity index (CVI/AVE = 97.2%), comprehensibility (100%), and translation adequacy [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.858]. In Phase 2, based on data collected from 821 adults, RCBS-TC demonstrated a satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .88; corrected item-total correlation coefficients = 0.61-0.78) 2-week test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.82 based on 61 university students). For construct validation, the CFA results indicated that the corrected first-order two-factor models were acceptable with the same goodness-of-fit indices (χ2/df = 8.56, CFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.98, IFI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.09). The 2-week test-retest reliability of RCBS-TC (n = 61) was also satisfactory (ICC = 0.82). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This methodological study adopted appropriate and stringent procedures to ensure that the translation and validation of RCBS-TC was of quality. The results indicate that this scale has a satisfactory reliability and validity for the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ching Lam
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR,Corresponding author: Simon Ching Lam, PhD, RN, Assistant Professor; GH523, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR; Phone: +852 2766 5620; Fax: +852 2364 9663; E-mails: ;
| | - Zoe Sze-Long Chan
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Andy Chun-Yin Chong
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Wendy Wing-Chi Wong
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, The Open University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jiawen Ye
- Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR
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Lange F, Wagner A, Müller A, Eggert F. Subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale differentially relate to the Big Five factors of personality. Scand J Psychol 2017; 58:254-259. [PMID: 28419457 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The place of impulsiveness in multidimensional personality frameworks is still unclear. In particular, no consensus has yet been reached with regard to the relation of impulsiveness to Neuroticism and Extraversion. We aim to contribute to a clearer understanding of these relationships by accounting for the multidimensional structure of impulsiveness. In three independent studies, we related the subscales of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) to the Big Five factors of personality. Study 1 investigated the associations between the BIS subscales and the Big Five factors as measured by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) in a student sample (N = 113). Selective positive correlations emerged between motor impulsiveness and Extraversion and between attentional impulsiveness and Neuroticism. This pattern of results was replicated in Study 2 (N = 132) using a 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory. In Study 3, we analyzed BIS and NEO-FFI data obtained from a sample of patients with pathological buying (N = 68). In these patients, the relationship between motor impulsiveness and Extraversion was significantly weakened when compared to the non-clinical samples. At the same time, the relationship between attentional impulsiveness and Neuroticism was substantially stronger in the clinical sample. Our studies highlight the utility of the BIS subscales for clarifying the relationship between impulsiveness and the Big Five personality factors. We conclude that impulsiveness might occupy multiple places in multidimensional personality frameworks, which need to be specified to improve the interpretability of impulsiveness scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lange
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Behavioral Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Economics and Business, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adina Wagner
- Department of Psychology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Eggert
- Department of Research Methods and Biopsychology, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Baño M, Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Goméz-Peña M, Tárrega S, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Compulsive buying disorder clustering based on sex, age, onset and personality traits. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 68:1-10. [PMID: 27234176 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In spite of the revived interest in compulsive buying disorder (CBD), its classification into the contemporary nosologic systems continues to be debated, and scarce studies have addressed heterogeneity in the clinical phenotype through methodologies based on a person-centered approach. OBJECTIVES To identify empirical clusters of CBD employing personality traits, as well as patients' sex, age and the age of CBD onset as indicators. METHODS An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method defining a combination of the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion and log-likelihood was used. RESULTS Three clusters were identified in a sample of n=110 patients attending a specialized CBD unit a) "male compulsive buyers" reported the highest prevalence of comorbid gambling disorder and the lowest levels of reward dependence; b) "female low-dysfunctional" mainly included employed women, with the highest level of education, the oldest age of onset, the lowest scores in harm avoidance and the highest levels of persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness; and c) "female highly-dysfunctional" with the youngest age of onset, the highest levels of comorbid psychopathology and harm avoidance, and the lowest score in self-directedness. CONCLUSION Sociodemographic characteristics and personality traits can be used to determine CBD clusters which represent different clinical subtypes. These subtypes should be considered when developing assessment instruments, preventive programs and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Fortuna Edificio B, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Baño
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Nursing Department of Mental Health, Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nursing School, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Goméz-Peña
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salomé Tárrega
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Fortuna Edificio B, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Menchón
- Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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