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Farzin M, Hassanpour S, Zendehdel M, vazir B, Asghari A. The effect of spexin injection and its interaction with nitric oxide, serotonin, and corticotropin receptors on the central regulation of food intake in broilers. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:542-549. [PMID: 38746491 PMCID: PMC11090879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex homeostatic control mechanisms are tools to adjust the food birds eat and their appetite. Birds and mammals differ in several ways considering food intake regulation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the special effects of the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of spexin and its interaction with nitric oxide, serotonin and corticotropin receptors on central food intake regulation in broilers. In the test 1, Broilers received ICV injection of saline, PCPA (p-chlorophenylalanine,1.25 µg), spexin (10 nmol) and PCPA+spexin. In test 2-7, 8-OH-DPAT, SB-242084 (5-HT2C, 1.5 µg), L-arginine (Precursor of nitric oxide, 200 nmol), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthetize inhibitor, 100 nmol), Astressin-B (30 µg) and Astressin2-B (30 µg) were injected to Broilers instead of the PCPA. Then, the amount of food received was measured up to 2 h after the injection. The food consumption was significantly decreased by Spexin (10 nmol) (P<0.05). Concomitant injection of SB-242084+spexin attenuated spexin-induced hypophagia (P<0.05). Co-injection of L-arginine+spexin enhanced spexin-induced hypophagia and this effect was reversed by L-NAME (P<0.05). Also, concomitant injection of Astressin-B + spexin or Astressin2-B + spexin enhanced spexin-induced hypophagia (P<0.05). Founded on these observations, spexin-induced hypophagia may be mediated by nitric oxide and 5-HT2C, CRF1, and CRF2 receptors in neonatal broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaya Farzin
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Hassanpour
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zendehdel
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6453, Iran
| | - Bita vazir
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asghari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Mangan M, Siwek M. Strategies to combat heat stress in poultry production-A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:576-595. [PMID: 38152002 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of heat stress (HS) caused by high temperatures continue to be a global concern in poultry production. Poultry birds are homoeothermic, however, modern-day chickens are highly susceptible to HS due to their inefficiency in dissipating heat from their body due to the lack of sweat glands. During HS, the heat load is higher than the chickens' ability to regulate it. This can disturb normal physiological functioning, affect metabolism and cause behavioural changes, respiratory alkalosis and immune dysregulation in birds. These adverse effects cause gut dysbiosis and, therefore, reduce nutrient absorption and energy metabolism. This consequently reduces production performances and causes economic losses. Several strategies have been explored to combat the effects of HS. These include environmentally controlled houses, provision of clean cold water, low stocking density, supplementation of appropriate feed additives, dual and restricted feeding regimes, early heat conditioning and genetic selection of poultry lines to produce heat-resistant birds. Despite all these efforts, HS still remains a challenge in the poultry sector. Therefore, there is a need to explore effective strategies to address this long-lasting problem. The most recent strategy to ameliorate HS in poultry is early perinatal programming using the in ovo technology. Such an approach seems particularly justified in broilers because chick embryo development (21 days) equals half of the chickens' posthatch lifespan (42 days). As such, this strategy is expected to be more efficient and cost-effective to mitigate the effects of HS on poultry and improve the performance and health of birds. Therefore, this review discusses the impact of HS on poultry, the advantages and limitations of the different strategies. Finally recommend a promising strategy that could be efficient in ameliorating the adverse effects of HS in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modou Mangan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maria Siwek
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Oyeagu CE, Mlambo V, Lewu FB. Histomorphometric traits, microbiota, nutrient digestibility, growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality parameters of chickens fed diets supplemented with different levels of Bacillus protease. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2161552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chika E. Oyeagu
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Victor Mlambo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela, South Africa
| | - Francis B. Lewu
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lebedev S, Kazakova T, Marshinskaia O, Grechkina V. The assessment of serum trace element levels as the diagnostic biomarkers of functional state of broiler chickens. Vet World 2023; 16:1512-1519. [PMID: 37621547 PMCID: PMC10446717 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1512-1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Elemental analysis is a useful technique for predicting metabolic disorders in broiler chickens. Elemental imbalances are also important for the development of new methods to diagnose the health status of birds that can be implemented on a farm-wide scale. This study aimed to identify elemental markers related to pre-nosological diagnoses of metabolic disorders in broiler chickens. Materials and Methods We compared birds given high-protein, high-carbohydrate, and high-fat diets. A control group received the standard diet recommended by the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry, while experimental Group I received a diet with high-protein content, Group II received a diet with high-carbohydrate content, and Group III received a diet with high-fat content. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for biochemical and elemental analysis. Biochemical analysis was carried out using an automated biochemical analyzer, and the levels of trace elements in the serum were assessed using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Results We found that the high-protein diet was accompanied by a decrease in chicken body weight, cholesterol, and several elements (i.e., P, Cr, Cu, Zn, and B) as well as an increase in the levels of Ca, Co, and Si. The high-carbohydrate diet led to a significant increase in glucose levels as well as a decrease in the levels of albumin, triglycerides, and Cr, Mn, Se, I, and Cu. Finally, the high-fat diet led to an increase in body weight, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and the elements Cu, Zn, and Si as well as a decrease in the levels of Mg, Cr, and Fe. Conclusion The determination of the levels of trace elements such as Co, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Cu in chicken blood serum may be an important indicator of the state of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism of poultry stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Lebedev
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Olga Marshinskaia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Victoria Grechkina
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000, Orenburg, Russia
- Department of the Non-Communicable Diseases of Animals, Orenburg State Agrarian University, 460014, Orenburg, Russia
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Fernandes E, Raymundo A, Martins LL, Lordelo M, de Almeida AM. The Naked Neck Gene in the Domestic Chicken: A Genetic Strategy to Mitigate the Impact of Heat Stress in Poultry Production—A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061007. [PMID: 36978548 PMCID: PMC10044606 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry sector is one of the most important food industries in the world. Poultry production generates high-value protein products (meat and eggs) that are produced efficiently without the need for large areas. In poultry production, especially in the tropics, environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, play a major role. Heat stress (HS) causes behavioral, physical, and physiological changes in poultry, with severe financial impacts. Therefore, it is important to find strategies to minimize it. The naked neck (Na) is an autosomal, incompletely dominant gene. Compared with normal feathered birds, these animals are known for their ability to adapt, perform, and reproduce under hot and humid climate conditions. Due to the absence of feathers on the neck, these animals increase heat dissipation, alleviating adverse heat effects, especially on productive performance. Genetic improvement of heat tolerance may provide a low-cost solution, of particular interest for developing countries in the tropics. The focus of this review is to evaluate the impact of HS in poultry with a special emphasis on the advantages of using the Na gene.
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José Paixão S, Mendes AS, Possenti MA, Sikorski RR, do Vale MM, de Souza C, Guimarães BE, de Moura DJ, de Alencar Nääs I, Nunes IB. Broiler behavior differs from males to females when under different light wavelengths. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:189. [PMID: 35581505 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that different light wavelengths affect broiler behavior. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of four light wavelengths on broiler behavior from 1 to 42 days of age. Birds were housed at a stocking density of 13 birds/m2, in 32 boxes of 1.56 m2. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial of 4 × 2 (four colors × two sexes), with four replicates. Behavioral variables were accessed through cameras and observed in person thrice a week for 30 min per day in three different periods. Data were organized according to age groups and analyzed by a data mining approach with the different light wavelengths as the classes. Natural behavior defined by stretch, dust bath of male broilers reared in environments with green and blue light was more relevant to the classification of male broilers' behavior (96.9 and 96.9% accuracy and 0.8 and 1.0 of class precision of behavior classification, respectively). Blue and green lights affected the behavior of male broilers starting at 7 days of age, increasing the presence at the bird feeder, and reducing the idle period.
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Seber RT, de Moura DJ, Lima NDDS, Nääs IDA. Smart Feeding Unit for Measuring the Pecking Force in Farmed Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030864. [PMID: 33803605 PMCID: PMC8002875 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We present a novel method for assessing broiler pecking force data during feeding. The prototype consisted of a power supply unit with a data acquisition module, management software connected to a computer for data storage, and a video camera to verify the pecking force during signal processing. The acquisition, processing, and classification of the pecking force signal information were valuable during broilers’ feeding. The smart feeding unit (SFU) prototype was useful in the continuous generation of information that could be applied to evaluate the amount of pecking force and performance during the broilers’ growth. Abstract Feeding is one of the most critical processes in the broiler production cycle. A feeder can collect data of force signals and continuously transform it into information about birds’ feed intake and quickly permit more agile and more precise decision-making concerning the broiler farm’s production process. A smart feeding unit (SFU) prototype was developed to evaluate the broiler pecking force and average feed intake per pecking (g/min). The prototype consisted of a power supply unit with a data acquisition module, management software connected to a computer for data storage, and a video camera to verify the pecking force during signal processing. In the present study, seven male Cobb-500 broilers were raised in an experimental chamber to test and commission the prototype. The prototype consisted of a feeding unit (feeder) with a data acquisition module (amplifier), with real-time integration for testing and intuitive operation with Catman Easy software connected to a computer to obtain and store data from signals. The sampling of average feed intake per pecking per broiler (g) was conducted during the first minute of feeding, subtracting the amount of feed provided per the amount of feed consumed, including the count of pecking in the first minute of feeding. An equation was used for estimating the average feed intake per pecking per broiler (g). The results showed that the average broiler pecking force was 1.39 N, with a minimum value of 0.04 N and a maximum value of 7.29 N. The average feed intake per pecking (FIP) was 0.13 g, with an average of 173 peckings per minute. The acquisition, processing, and classification of signals in the pecking force information were valuable during broilers’ feeding. The smart feeding unit prototype for broilers was efficient in the continuous assessment of feed intake and can generate information for estimating broiler performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Torres Seber
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501 Barão Geraldo, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil; (R.T.S.); (D.J.d.M.)
| | - Daniella Jorge de Moura
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501 Barão Geraldo, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil; (R.T.S.); (D.J.d.M.)
| | | | - Irenilza de Alencar Nääs
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501 Barão Geraldo, São Paulo 13083-875, Brazil; (R.T.S.); (D.J.d.M.)
- Graduate Program in Production Engineering, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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Wang A, Lin J, Zhong Q. Spray-coating as a novel strategy to supplement broiler feed pellets with probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rauber RH, Carreno LOD, de Oliveira Pacheco R, Mendes AS, Nunes IB. Structural equation models for slaughtering weight prediction for broilers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:58. [PMID: 33389223 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to determine the effect of gut health parameters on the flock's final weight of broilers and to calculate an accurate equation to estimate this weight with information available at 7, 14, and 21 days, in field conditions. Gut health parameters (gizzard erosion, coccidiosis, feed passage, and redness, gut tone, consistency of content, and presence of mucus for each part of the small intestine [duodenum, jejunum, and ileum], and color, consistency, and presence of gas for caeca content) were evaluated at 7 and 14 days. Other parameters evaluated for impact on flock final weight were body weight and mortality, both at 7, 14, and 21 days; stocking density; litter reuse; and downtime period. Structural equation model evaluation of the data showed that stocking density and litter reuse did not affect (P > 0.05) flock final weight, while downtime period, body weight (14 and 21 days), and mortality (14 and 21 days) directly affected (P ≤ 0.05) the flock final weight. Gut health parameters did not directly affect the flock's final weight; however, they affected body weight and mortality at 14 days, thus showing an indirect effect on the flock's final weight. It was also possible to determine two accurate equations to estimate the flock's final weight using information available at both 14 (R2 = 0.56) and 21 (R2 = 0.77) days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Hummes Rauber
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4 - Zona Rural, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, 85660-000, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo de Oliveira Pacheco
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4 - Zona Rural, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Angélica Signor Mendes
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4 - Zona Rural, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, 85660-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora Bischoff Nunes
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Campus Dois Vizinhos, Estrada para Boa Esperança, km 4 - Zona Rural, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, 85660-000, Brazil.
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Neves DP, Mehdizadeh SA, Santana MR, Amadori MS, Banhazi TM, de Alencar Nääs I. Young Broiler Feeding Kinematic Analysis as A Function of the Feed Type. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121149. [PMID: 31847441 PMCID: PMC6940888 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aims to compare the kinematic feeding variables of 3–4 days old broiler chickens using three different feed types: fine mash (F1), coarse mash (F2), and crumbled (F3); size was 476 µm, 638 µm, and 1243 µm, respectively. The head displacement and the maximum beak gape were automatically calculated by computational image analysis to find the feeding behavior of broilers. The results did not show strong correlations between birds’ weight, beak size (length and width), and the kinematic variables. The “catch-and-throw” movements in F1 (the smallest feed particle) generally occurred in the first mandibulation, while in F3 (the largest feed particle) occurred in the latest mandibulation. It can be suggested that the adoption of “catch-and-throw” in the latest mandibulations increases with larger particles. Abstract Past publications describe the various impact of feeding behavior of broilers on productivity and physiology. However, very few publications have considered the impact of biomechanics associated with the feeding process in birds. The present study aims at comparing the kinematic variables of young broiler chicks (3–4 days old; 19 specimens) while feeding them with three different feed types, such as fine mash (F1), coarse mash (F2), and crumbled feed (F3). The feeding behavior of the birds was recorded using a high-speed camera. Frames sequences of each mandibulation were selected manually and classified according to the temporal order that occurred (first, second, third, or fourth, and further). The head displacement and the maximum beak gape were automatically calculated by image analysis. The results did not indicate strong correlations between birds’ weight, beak size (length and width), and the kinematic variables of feeding. The differences between the tested feed were found mostly in the first and second mandibulations, probably explained by the higher incidence of “catch-and-throw” movements in F3 (33%) and F1 (26%) than F2 (20%). The “catch-and-throw” movements in F1 (the smallest feed particle) mostly occurred in the first mandibulation, as in F3 (the largest feed particle) also occurred in the latest mandibulations. It might be suggested that the adoption of “catch-and-throw” in the latest mandibulations increases with larger particles. The kinematic variables in the latest mandibulations (from the third one on) seem to be similar for all feed types, which represent the swallowing phase. It might be inferred that the temporal sequence of the mandibulations should be essential to describe the kinematics of a feeding scene of broiler chickens, and the first and second mandibulations are potentially the key factors for the differences accounted by the diverse feed particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pereira Neves
- College of Agriculture Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13000-000, Brazil; (D.P.N.); (I.d.A.N.)
| | - Saman Abdanan Mehdizadeh
- Department of Mechanics of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Khuzestan 6133613395, Iran
- Correspondence:
| | - Mayara Rodrigues Santana
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS 79800-000, Brazil; (M.R.S.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Marlon Sávio Amadori
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS 79800-000, Brazil; (M.R.S.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Thomas Michael Banhazi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba Campus, Toowoomba 4350, QLD, Australia;
- PLF Agritech Pty. Ltd. Toowoomba 4350, QLD, Australia
| | - Irenilza de Alencar Nääs
- College of Agriculture Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13000-000, Brazil; (D.P.N.); (I.d.A.N.)
- PLF Agritech Pty. Ltd. Toowoomba 4350, QLD, Australia
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Lemons M, McDaniel C, Moritz J, Wamsley KG. Interactive Effects of High or Low Feed Form and Phase of Feeding on Performance of Ross x Ross 708 Male Broilers Throughout a 46 d Growout. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Burin Junior AM, Bordignon HLF, Pasa CLB, da Silva AM, Taniguti TL, Pivetta MR, Fernandes JIM. Effect of Pelletized Diets and the Proportion of Fines on Performance of Broilers Raised in High-Density Conditions. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mohammadi Ghasem Abadi MH, Moravej H, Shivazad M, Karimi Torshizi MA, Kim WK. Effects of feed form and particle size, and pellet binder on performance, digestive tract parameters, intestinal morphology, and cecal microflora populations in broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1432-1440. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Rodrigues I, Choct M. Feed intake pattern of broiler chickens under intermittent lighting: Do birds eat in the dark? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:174-178. [PMID: 31193854 PMCID: PMC6544580 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper reflects the results of a short experiment conducted in parallel with a larger trial which aimed to test the assumption that 'consumption of feed by broiler chickens during periods of darkness is largely negligible'. To that effect, on d 31, feeders of birds raised under intermittent lighting (IL), i.e. 1 h of light [1L]:3 h of dark (3D):1L:3D:1L:3D:1L:3D:2L:6D, were weighed at the onset and at the end of each period of darkness (or scotoperiod). Moreover, in order to compare the feeding behavior of IL birds with that of broilers raised under continuous lighting (CL, i.e. 18L:6D), their feeders were weighed in parallel and at the same time points. On d 31, feed intake of IL birds during scotoperiods represented 45% of their 24 h feed intake. Both CL and IL birds presented anticipatory feed intake prior to the long nocturnal period of darkness (6D), as well as higher feed intake right at the onset of lighting at 06:00. Feed intake of CL birds during the 6D nocturnal scotoperiod was negligible at around 2% of their total feed intake. Intermittent lighting birds exhibited excitement at the start of each hour-length scotoperiod and, within that time, ingested around 2.5 times the amount of feed ingested by CL birds. Although short, this study revealed several interesting observations which might be worth further exploring in a larger, lengthier, behavior-focused experiment. Amongst other factors, it might be interesting to understand whether the high feed intake observed during scotoperiods for IL birds in reflective of the whole flock or rather a coping mechanism developed mainly by hierarchically lower-ranking birds to achieve their daily feed intakes requirements.
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Heat stress in poultry production: Mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang WC, Yan FF, Hu JY, Amen OA, Cheng HW. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic reduces heat stress-related behaviors and inflammatory response in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528406 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics reduce stress-related inflammation and abnormal behaviors in humans and rodents via regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The objective of this study was to determine if probiotic, Bacillus subtilis, has similar functions in broiler chickens under heat stress (HS). Two hundred forty 1-d-old broiler chicks were assigned to 48 pens with 4 treatments: Thermoneutral (TN)-RD (regular diet), TN-PD (the regular diet mixed with 1 × 106 CFU/g feed probiotic), HS-RD and HS-PD. Probiotic (Sporulin) was fed from day 1; and HS at 32°C for 10 h daily was initiated at day 15. The data showed that final BW, average daily gain , and feed conversion efficiency were improved in PD groups as compared to RD groups regardless of the ambient temperature (P < 0.01). Heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was affected by treatment and its value was in the order of HS-RD > HS-PD > TN-RD > TN-PD birds (P < 0.01). Compared to TN birds, HS birds spent more time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent less time in eating, standing, and walking (P < 0.05 or 0.01). In addition, HS birds had greater levels of hepatic IL-6, IL-10, heat shock protein (HSP)70, and HSP70 mRNA expression (P < 0.01) and greater levels of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01) compared to TN birds. Within TN groups, TN-PD birds had greater concentrations of hepatic IL-10 (P < 0.05) and cecal IgA (P < 0.01) than TN-RD birds. Within HS groups, HS-PD birds spent less time in wing spreading, panting, squatting close to the ground, drinking, sleeping, dozing, and sitting but spent more time in eating, foraging, standing, and walking than HS-RD birds (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The HS-PD birds also had lower concentrations of hepatic IL-6 and HSP70 (P < 0.01), whereas greater levels of IL-10 (P < 0.05) and lower concentrations of cecal IgA and IgY (P < 0.01). These results indicate that broilers fed the probiotic, B. subtilis, are able to cope with HS more effectively by ameliorating heat-induced behavioral and inflammatory reactions through regulation of microbiota-modulated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - F F Yan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - J Y Hu
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
| | - O A Amen
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt
| | - H W Cheng
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN
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Rodrigues I, Choct M. The foregut and its manipulation via feeding practices in the chicken. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3188-3206. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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DALÓLIO FS, MOREIRA J, VAZ DP, ALBINO LFT, VALADARES LR, PIRES AV, PINHEIRO SRF. Exogenous enzymes in diets for broilers. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402016000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The aimed of the study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of an enzyme complex consisting of phytase, protease, xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, amylase, and pectinase on the parameters of performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers. Six hundred broiler chicks were used, and the animals were females with one day of age, from the Cobb 500 strain, and distributed in a completely randomized design, with five levels of inclusion of the enzyme complex (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400g/ton), and six repetitions, with twenty animals each. The weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed intake and production viability were assessed in stages between 1 to 21, 1 to 35 and 1 to 42 days of age. The carcass yield and meat quality were evaluated at 35 and 42 days of age. We evaluated the characteristics of weight loss by cooking, shear force, water holding capacity, pH, lightness and color. The parameters of performance, carcass yield and carcass parts, and meat quality were not affected by the enzyme supplementation of diets fed to broiler chickens (P>0.05), except for the performance characteristics of the breast and the wings at 42 days of age (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joerley MOREIRA
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil
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20
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Li M, Wu J, Chen Z. Effects of Heat Stress on the Daily Behavior of Wenchang Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704559-566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Hainan Normal University, China
| | - J Wu
- Hainan Normal University, China
| | - Z Chen
- Hainan Normal University, China
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