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Jimenez-Labaig P, Aymerich C, Braña I, Rullan A, Cacicedo J, González-Torres MÁ, Harrington KJ, Catalan A. A comprehensive examination of mental health in patients with head and neck cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2024; 8:pkae031. [PMID: 38702757 PMCID: PMC11149920 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkae031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with head and neck cancer present particularly considerable levels of emotional distress. However, the actual rates of clinically relevant mental health symptoms and disorders among this population remain unknown. METHODS A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses and Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology-compliant systematic review and quantitative random-effects meta-analysis was performed to determine suicide incidence and the prevalence of depression, anxiety, distress, posttraumatic stress, and insomnia in this population. MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register, KCI Korean Journal database, SciELO, Russian Science Citation Index, and Ovid-PsycINFO databases were searched from database inception to August 1, 2023 (PROSPERO: CRD42023441432). Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed to investigate the effect of clinical, therapeutical, and methodological factors. RESULTS A total of 208 studies (n = 654 413; median age = 60.7 years; 25.5% women) were identified. Among the patients, 19.5% reported depressive symptoms (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17% to 21%), 17.8% anxiety symptoms (95% CI = 14% to 21%), 34.3% distress (95% CI = 29% to 39%), 17.7% posttraumatic symptoms (95% CI = 6% to 41%), and 43.8% insomnia symptoms (95% CI = 35% to 52%). Diagnostic criteria assessments revealed lower prevalence of disorders: 10.3% depression (95% CI = 7% to 13%), 5.6% anxiety (95% CI = 2% to 10%), 9.6% insomnia (95% CI = 1% to 40%), and 1% posttraumatic stress (95% CI = 0% to 84.5%). Suicide pooled incidence was 161.16 per 100 000 individuals per year (95% CI = 82 to 239). Meta-regressions found a statistically significant higher prevalence of anxiety in patients undergoing primary chemoradiation compared with surgery and increased distress in smokers and advanced tumor staging. European samples exhibited lower prevalence of distress. CONCLUSIONS Patients with head and neck cancer presented notable prevalence of mental health concerns in all domains. Suicide remains a highly relevant concern. The prevalence of criteria-meeting disorders is significantly lower than clinically relevant symptoms. Investigating the effectiveness of targeted assessments for disorders in highly symptomatic patients is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jimenez-Labaig
- Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Claudia Aymerich
- Psychiatry Department, Basurto University Hospital. Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Braña
- Lung and Head & Neck Tumors Unit. Medical Oncology Department, Vall d‘Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rullan
- Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jon Cacicedo
- Radiotherapy Department, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, OSI Ezkerraldea Enkarterri Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Torres
- Psychiatry Department, Basurto University Hospital. Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Ana Catalan
- Psychiatry Department, Basurto University Hospital. Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, Bilbao, Spain
- Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, OSI Bilbao-Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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de Oliveira Faria S, Hurwitz G, Kim J, Liberty J, Orchard K, Liu G, Barbera L, Howell D. Identifying Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) for Routine Surveillance of Physical and Emotional Symptoms in Head and Neck Cancer Populations: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184162. [PMID: 34575271 PMCID: PMC8470145 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this review were to identify symptoms experienced by head and neck cancer (HNC) patients and their prevalence, as well as to compare symptom coverage identified in HNC specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Searches of Ovid Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, and CINAHL were conducted to identify studies. The search revealed 4569 unique articles and identified 115 eligible studies. The prevalence of reported symptoms was highly variable among included studies. Variability in sample size, timing of the assessments, and the use of different measures was noted across studies. Content mapping of commonly used PROMs showed variability and poor capture of prevalent symptoms, even though validation studies confirmed satisfactory reliability and validity. This suggests limitations of some of the tools in providing an accurate and comprehensive picture of the patient's symptoms and problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilla de Oliveira Faria
- Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3061-8278
| | - Gillian Hurwitz
- Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7, Canada; (G.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Jaemin Kim
- Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7, Canada; (G.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Jacqueline Liberty
- Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7, Canada; (G.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Kimberly Orchard
- Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7, Canada; (G.H.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (K.O.)
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Lisa Barbera
- Tom Baker Cancer Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Doris Howell
- Department of Supportive Care, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P8, Canada
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3
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Longobardi Y, Savoia V, Parrilla C, Marchese MR, Morra L, Mari G, Degni E, D’Alatri L. Pre-operative speech-language pathology counselling in patients undergoing total laryngectomy: A pilot randomized clinical trial. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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van Sluis KE, van Son RJJH, van der Molen L, MCGuinness AJ, Palme CE, Novakovic D, Stone D, Natsis L, Charters E, Jones K, Dirven R, van den Brekel MWM. Multidimensional evaluation of voice outcomes following total laryngectomy: a prospective multicenter cohort study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:1209-1222. [PMID: 32696251 PMCID: PMC7954718 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess the general course of acoustic, patient rated, and clinician-rated voice outcomes from pre- up to 12 months post total laryngectomy. Methods Patients admitted to a total laryngectomy in five participating hospitals in Australia and The Netherlands were included. Assessments took place at pre-, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months post-surgery. Voice outcomes are evaluated with the Acoustic Voice Quality Index (AVQI), perceptual scales, and patient-reported outcome measures including VHI-10 and EQ-5D-5L. Statistical analyses include descriptive statistics, t tests (pre- to 6 months post-surgery), Linear Mixed Effect models. Results The study included 43 participants. A significant worsening of AVQI is seen from pre- to post-surgery evaluated with t test (p < 0.001). The Linear Mixed Effect model confirmed Time as a significant factor in predicting AVQI score (p ≤ 0.001), as well as perceptual rated voice quality by the clinician (p = 0.015) and patient-reported perceptual rated voice quality (p = 0.002). No statistical significance was found in VHI-10 scores over time. Conclusion Successful TE-speech was achieved in most participants, some had to rely on augmentative alternative communication methods. Patient-reported outcomes indicate acceptance of the condition and sufficient coping in the long term. However, acoustic rated voice quality is abnormal at all post-surgery time-points. AVQI proved to be a useful instrument to evaluate TE-speech. There is a need for validation and determination of cut-off values for VHI-10 and AVQI for use in TE-speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaske E van Sluis
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rob J J H van Son
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette van der Molen
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony John MCGuinness
- Head and Neck Department, Department of Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Carsten E Palme
- Head and Neck Department, Department of Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Ear Nose & Throat, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Novakovic
- Head and Neck Department, Department of Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Danielle Stone
- Department of Surgery, Ear Nose & Throat, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Lydia Natsis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Charters
- Head and Neck Department, Department of Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly Jones
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, Head and Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Dirven
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel W M van den Brekel
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Surgery, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Takenaka S, Hirose M. Preoperative Anxiety and Intraoperative Nociception in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery. J Surg Res 2020; 249:13-17. [PMID: 31918325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative anxiety is a common psychological state in cancer patients before surgery, inducing stress responses after surgery. Associations between preoperative anxiety and intraoperative nociception, however, have not been evaluated well. In the present study, we investigated the relationship in patients with lung cancer undergoing thoracic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this prospective study, 27 adult patients were enrolled. Intraoperative nociception during surgery was calculated as mean values of the nociceptive response (NR) throughout surgery. Associations between intraoperative nociception and preoperative patient characteristics including anxiety in addition to intraoperative variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that mean NR values during surgery showed a negative correlation with preoperative anxiety (β = -0.353; P = 0.041) after adjustment for body mass index, depression, and total amount of fentanyl used during surgery. Body mass index was a confounder positively associated with mean NR during surgery. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative nociception is likely associated with preoperative patient characteristics, having an inverse relationship with preoperative anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Takenaka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Munetaka Hirose
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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Chang HY, Hou YP, Yeh FH, Lee SS. The impact of an mHealth app on knowledge, skills and anxiety about dressing changes: A randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs 2019; 76:1046-1056. [PMID: 31814140 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) application, based on self-regulation theory, on patients' knowledge of wound care, skills in changing dressings and anxiety. DESIGN A prospective randomized controlled trial. METHODS Seventy patients (or family members) at a 1,500-bed university hospital in Taiwan were randomized into an experimental (N = 35) or control group (N = 35) from March to December 2016. The experimental group used a mHealth application for wound care; the control group received verbal instructions and a booklet. Instruments to collect data were a wound care knowledge scale, wound care skills scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a digital heart variability device. Data were collected at baseline, after three additional demonstrations and before discharge. The generalized estimating equation was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The experimental group showed significantly higher levels of wound care knowledge, improved wound care skills, lower levels of state anxiety, and lower heart rate variability than the control group after baseline data collection. CONCLUSIONS Results support hat a mHealth application may be effective in health education. Clinicians can use the results to promote patients' wound care knowledge, enhance their wound care skills, and reduce anxiety related to dressing changes. IMPACT Lack of wound care knowledge and skills can affect the willingness and ability to perform effective wound dressing changes, producing anxiety and having an impact on a patient's self-care after hospital discharge. mHealth applications (apps) have the potential to deliver health information in targeted and tailored ways that strengthen the self-management of diseases. mHealth app can increase wound care knowledge, improve care skills, and reduce anxiety related to wound care. mHealth app effectively supports self-monitoring of the wound healing process, self-judgement of the wound condition, and self-reaction of wound care accuracy. mHealth app provides step-by-step visual tutorials on wound care that allow patients and family caregivers to take pictures of the wounds and monitor the wound healing process. mHealth app for wound care knowledge is an effective and individualized method for learning. CLINICAL TRIAL This study was registered by U.S. National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03683303).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Ping Hou
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Hao Yeh
- Department of Information Technology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Shin Lee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Longobardi Y, Savoia V, Bussu F, Morra L, Mari G, Nesci DA, Parrilla C, D'Alatri L. Integrated rehabilitation after total laryngectomy: a pilot trial study. Support Care Cancer 2019; 27:3537-3544. [PMID: 30685792 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-4647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquisition and acceptance of the alaryngeal voice, psychological state, and Quality of Life (QoL) of laryngectomized patients. METHODS Thirty-two patients who underwent total laryngectomy were included in the study; 17 of them were treated by a psychologist and a speech therapist (experimental group); 15 performed only speech therapy (control group). RESULTS The experimental group showed a significant improvement in all parameters of the INFVo scale, in the score of the Environment subscale and in the total score of the I-SECEL (Self-Evaluation of Communication Experiences after Laryngeal Cancer); in the Depression, Obsession-Compulsion and Paranoia areas of the SCL-90-R (Symptom Check List-90-Revised); and in the Social area (REL) of the WHOQOL-B (World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief). CONCLUSIONS An integrated rehabilitative approach to laryngectomized patients improves emotional state and psychosocial aspects and promotes acceptance and use of the new voice and recovery of a better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Longobardi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Otorinolaringoiatria, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Vezio Savoia
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Unità di Consultazione Psichiatrica, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bussu
- Otolaryngology Division, AOU Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43/B, I-07100, Sassari, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Otorinolaringoiatria, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Morra
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Otorinolaringoiatria, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mari
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Otorinolaringoiatria, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico A Nesci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Unità di Consultazione Psichiatrica, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Parrilla
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Otorinolaringoiatria, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lucia D'Alatri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Otorinolaringoiatria, L.go F. Vito 1, I-00168, Rome, Italy
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LEÓN-FERNÁNDEZ S, PARDAL-REFOYO JL. Investigación bibliográfica sobre la atención de enfermería en la laringectomía total. REVISTA ORL 2018. [DOI: 10.14201/orl.19366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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González-Rodríguez R, Martelo-Baro MDLÁ, Bas-Sarmiento P. Diagnostic labels of NANDA-I in a southern region of Spain. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2017; 25:e2911. [PMID: 28614433 PMCID: PMC5492653 DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.1714.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective to determine the incidence of NANDA-I diagnostic labels (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association-International) and to establish the distribution of cases of assistance and the associated labels, according to sociodemographic variables (age and sex). Method descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study of labels of NANDA-I, under ecological design. The distribution of labels was analyzed according to sex and age; the corresponding frequencies were calculated and for each label the incidence were calculated rates with aggregate data from the attended cases. Results the total number of cases of care under study was 9,928 (41.65% men and 58.35% women). The identified labels were 16,456 (7,084 men and 9,372 women); average of 1.7 labels per case of care; Out of 216 labels proposed by NANDA-I, in its 2012-14 classification, 152 were used, representing 70.4%. The labels with the highest incidence rates per thousand inhabitants were: Anxiety, Willingness to Improve Knowledge and Risk of Infection. Conclusions the study allowed detecting, through NANDA-I, the answers to the health problems of greater incidence in the users attended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael González-Rodríguez
- PhD, Professor, Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Pilar Bas-Sarmiento
- PhD, Professor, Departamento de Enfermería y Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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