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Vukeya LR, Mokotjomela TM, Malebo NJ, Saheed O. Seed dispersal phenology of encroaching woody species in the Free State National Botanical Garden, South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loyd R. Vukeya
- South Africa National Biodiversity Institute Free State National Botanical Garden Bloemfontein South Africa
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Thabiso M. Mokotjomela
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South Africa National Biodiversity Institute Free State National Botanical Garden Bloemfontein South Africa
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Ntsoaki J. Malebo
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Oke Saheed
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
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Li K, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Griffith MP. A noteworthy case of rewilding Chinese yew from a garden population in eastern China. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12341. [PMID: 34721999 PMCID: PMC8532990 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese yew (Taxus wallichiana var. mairei) is ranked as a rare and endangered plant of first-grade protection of China. It has been widely cultivated in 17 provinces of China over the past few decades. However, little is known about the dispersion, rewilding, and ecological influence of Chinese yew’s offspring during cultivation. Here, we report a noteworthy case of this species, via ex situ conservation, which has successfully spread into different secondary forests, thus forming a stable regenerating population in eastern China. The establishment of this yew population, which has > 900 individuals and 7 ha area, can be ascribed to two key ecological factors: (1) secondary forest near the parent yews that provided suitable microhabitats in which progeny yews could germinate and grow, and (2) seed-foraging and transportation by native birds. Thus, this case may offer a pathway for conserving endangered Chinese Taxus species, which can attract frugivorous birds to disperse their seeds. In addition, it is necessary to monitor the growth performance of progeny population in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangfu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Melo MA, Silva MAGDA, Piratelli AJ. Improvement of vegetation structure enhances bird functional traits and habitat resilience in an area of ongoing restoration in the Atlantic Forest. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191241. [PMID: 33174914 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological restoration is a traditional option for recovering biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Birds perform pollination, seed dispersal, and pest-control services, which catalyze increases in habitat structure. Habitat complexity changes bird composition, but there is little evidence of its effects on bird functional diversity in Neotropical restorations. We tested whether bird functional diversity and composition respond to increased habitat complexity. Point-counts were performed (January-December 2015) in an area undergoing restoration (536 ha) in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil, in restorations with less and more structured vegetation and pastures and forest-fragments. The functional bird traits considered were diet, habitat, biomass, environmental sensitivity, and foraging strata. Increased habitat complexity was evaluated using plant characteristics (exotic grass, canopy, herbaceous cover, and diameter at breast height). A total of 172 bird species (5% endemic; 12% migratory) were recorded. Increased vegetation structure in both restored sites and forest-fragments drove a reorganization and addition of functional bird traits, which positively influenced functional richness, dispersion, and evenness. Shifts in plant-characteristics rearranged bird functional traits (diet-forest-dependence and diet-strata-foraging). The rapid development of vegetation structure is a key factor for restoration because it provides additional habitat for semi-dependent forest birds and enhances resilience and sustainability in new man-made forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos AntÔnio Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação da Fauna, Universidade Federal de São Carlos/UFSCar, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco AurÉlio G DA Silva
- Save Brasil - Sociedade para a Conservação das Aves do Brasil, Rua Fernão Dias, 219, 05427-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Augusto JoÃo Piratelli
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia para a Sustentabilidade, Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos Km 110, Itinga, 18052-780 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
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Almeida C, Viani RAG. Non‐continuous reproductive phenology of animal‐dispersed species in young forest restoration plantings. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Guimarães LADOP, Dariva MD, Oliveira SBD, Bellon AA, Mendonça GCD. Germinação de sementes e vigor de plântulas de Myrciaria glazioviana submetidas a sombreamentos. RODRIGUÉSIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201869448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Estudos sobre as características agronômicas da planta cabeludinha (Myrciaria glazioviana), como exigências ecofisiológicas, propagação e cultivo, são inexistentes. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de crescentes níveis de sombreamento sobre a germinação e o vigor de plântulas de cabeludinha. As sementes e plântulas foram submetidas aos níveis de 0%, 16%, 54%, 72% e 92% de sombreamento, obtidos com coberturas de sombrite. Aos 159 dias de experimentação, foram avaliadas características relacionadas à germinação e ao vigor das plântulas. As variáveis relacionadas à germinação apresentaram respostas lineares crescentes ao aumento do sombreamento. As relacionadas ao vigor das plântulas foram melhor representadas por modelos quadráticos. O maior nível de sombreamento testado ainda não resulta no potencial máximo de germinação, mas reduz consideravelmente o vigor das plântulas. Conclui-se que o aumento da germinação com o sombreamento pode estar mais relacionado à capacidade do substrato em manter as sementes úmidas do que ao efeito da sombra propriamente dito. Com relação ao vigor, o desenvolvimento das plântulas é favorecido por sombreamentos entre 47% e 64%, sendo o ideal próximo a 52%. Sombreamentos superiores prejudicam consideravelmente o crescimento das plântulas.
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Navarro AB, Bovo AAA, Alexandrino ER, Oliveira VC, Pizo MA, Ferraz KMPMB. Fruit availability at the individual and local levels influences fruit removal in Cecropia pachystachya. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 79:758-759. [PMID: 30427384 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.198339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A B Navarro
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre - LEMaC, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - A A A Bovo
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre - LEMaC, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - E R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre - LEMaC, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - V C Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre - LEMaC, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Pizo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brasil
| | - K M P M B Ferraz
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Manejo e Conservação de Fauna Silvestre - LEMaC, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Large, fruit-eating vertebrates have been lost from many of the world's ecosystems. The ecological consequences of this defaunation can be severe, but the evolutionary consequences are nearly unknown because it remains unclear whether frugivores exert strong selection on fruit traits. I assessed the macroevolution of fruit traits in response to variation in the diversity and size of seed-dispersing vertebrates. Across the Indo-Malay Archipelago, many of the same plant lineages have been exposed to very different assemblages of seed-dispersing vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis of >400 plant species in 41 genera and five families revealed that average fruit size tracks the taxonomic and functional diversity of frugivorous birds and mammals. Fruit size was 40.2-46.5% smaller in the Moluccas and Sulawesi (respectively), with relatively depauperate assemblages of mostly small-bodied animals, than in the Sunda Region (Borneo, Sumatra, and Peninsular Malaysia), with a highly diverse suite of large and small animals. Fruit color, however, was unrelated to vertebrate diversity or to the representation of birds versus mammals in the frugivore assemblage. Overhunting of large animals, nearly ubiquitous in tropical forests, could strongly alter selection pressures on plants, resulting in widespread, although trait-specific, morphologic changes.
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