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Dorn C, Bender L, Sichtermann T, Minkenberg J, Franko M, Yousefian E, Wiesmann M, Stockero A, May R, Ridwan H, Nikoubashman O, Franz C. Comparison of artery diameters in the Aachen minipig serving as a human intracranial in vivo model. Lab Anim 2024; 58:65-72. [PMID: 37698341 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231169809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Minipigs are used as in vivo endovascular models, particularly in stroke and aneurysm research. However, detailed knowledge of the diameters of forelimb arteries that are commonly used as surrogates for human brain-supplying arteries are lacking. This study aimed to determine the diameters of forelimb and neck arteries in Aachen minipigs and to compare those to the diameters of human cerebral brain-supplying arteries in order to assess the validity of the Aachen minipig as a human intracranial in vivo model. We measured the diameters in the external carotid artery and eight different branches of the subclavian artery in 12 Aachen minipigs using angiographic imaging. Analysed arteries comprised the external carotid artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, subscapular artery first segment, subscapular artery second segment, external thoracic artery, caudal circumflex humeral artery, suprascapular artery and thoracodorsal artery. We compared these diameters to diameters of the following human brain-supplying arteries: terminal internal carotid artery (carotid-T and petrous segment), M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery, M2 segments of the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, vertebral artery and basilar artery. Median diameters of porcine forelimb arteries ranged from 1.8 to 4.9 mm, and human brain supplying arteries ranged in diameter from 1.4 to 4.3 mm. Depending on the intended use, this allows porcine forelimb arteries to be selected which are statistically comparable to human brain-supplying vessels. In conclusion, we identified several equivalent arteries of the porcine subclavian branches that are comparable to human brain-supplying arteries. This may help to validate the minipig as a suitable in vivo model for neurovascular experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dorn
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Bender
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Sichtermann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Minkenberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Franko
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Ehsan Yousefian
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiesmann
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Stockero
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebecca May
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Hani Ridwan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Omid Nikoubashman
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Christiane Franz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Germany
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Galbas MC, Straky HC, Meissner F, Reuter J, Schimmel M, Grundmann S, Czerny M, Bothe W. Cardiac dimensions and hemodynamics in healthy juvenile Landrace swine. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2024; 22:3. [PMID: 38229189 DOI: 10.1186/s12947-023-00321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine are frequently used as animal model for cardiovascular research, especially in terms of representativity of human anatomy and physiology. Reference values for the most common species used in research are important for planning and execution of animal testing. Transesophageal echocardiography is the gold standard for intraoperative imaging, but can be technically challenging in swine. Its predecessor, epicardial echocardiography (EE), is a simple and fast intraoperative imaging technique, which allows comprehensive and goal-directed assessment. However, there are few echocardiographic studies describing echocardiographic parameters in juvenile swine, none of them using EE. Therefore, in this study, we provide a comprehensive dataset on multiple geometric and functional echocardiographic parameters, as well as basic hemodynamic parameters in swine using EE. METHODS The data collection was performed during animal testing in ten female swine (German Landrace, 104.4 ± 13.0 kg) before left ventricular assist device implantation. Hemodynamic data was recorded continuously, before and during EE. The herein described echocardiographic measurements were acquired according to a standardized protocol, encompassing apical, left ventricular short axis and long axis as well as epiaortic windows. In total, 50 echocardiographic parameters and 10 hemodynamic parameters were assessed. RESULTS Epicardial echocardiography was successfully performed in all animals, with a median screening time of 14 min (interquartile range 11-18 min). Referring to left ventricular function, ejection fraction was 51.6 ± 5.9% and 51.2 ± 6.2% using the Teichholz and Simpson methods, respectively. Calculated ventricular mass was 301.1 ± 64.0 g, as the left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters were 35.3 ± 2.5 mm and 48.2 ± 3.5 mm, respectively. The mean heart rate was 103 ± 28 bpm, mean arterial pressure was 101 ± 20 mmHg and mean flow at the common carotid artery was 627 ± 203 mL/min. CONCLUSION Epicardial echocardiography allows comprehensive assessment of most common echocardiographic parameters. Compared to humans, there are important differences in swine with respect to ventricular mass, size and wall thickness, especially in the right heart. Most hemodynamic parameters were comparable between swine and humans. This data supports study planning, animal and device selection, reinforcing the three R principles in animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Costa Galbas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Cornelius Straky
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Meissner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Reuter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Schimmel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Czerny
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bothe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg-Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Galbas MC, Meissner F, Asmussen A, Straky HC, Schimmel M, Reuter J, Grundmann S, Czerny M, Bothe W. A systematic methodology for epicardial and epiaortic echocardiography in swine research models. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1777. [PMID: 38186934 PMCID: PMC10767764 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative echocardiography is of paramount importance during cardiac surgery. Nonetheless, in the experimental large-animal setting, it might be challenging obtaining optimal imaging when using conventional imaging acquisition techniques, such as transthoracic and transesophageal screenings. Open-chest surgery allows epicardial echocardiographic assessment with direct contact between probe and heart, thus providing superior quality. Standard protocols regarding the use of epicardial ultrasound in swine for research purposes are lacking. Methods Epicardial echocardiography was performed in 10 female German Landrace pigs undergoing cardiac surgery. A structured and comprehensive protocol for epicardial echocardiography was elaborated including apical, ventricular long and short axis, as well as epiaortic planes. All experiments were approved by the local board for animal welfare and conducted in accordance with the German animal protection law (TierSchG) and the ARRIVE guidelines. Conclusions Systematic protocols using epicardial echocardiography may serve as an additional tool to assess cardiac dimensions and function in experimental scenarios with swine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Galbas
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Florian Meissner
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Alexander Asmussen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Hendrik C. Straky
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marius Schimmel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Johanna Reuter
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Sebastian Grundmann
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Martin Czerny
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Wolfgang Bothe
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center Freiburg, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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Shariff M, Dobariya A, Albaghdadi O, Awkal J, Moussa H, Reyes G, Syed M, Hart R, Longfellow C, Douglass D, El Ahmadieh TY, Good LB, Jakkamsetti V, Kathote G, Angulo G, Ma Q, Brown R, Dunbar M, Shelton JM, Evers BM, Patnaik S, Hoffmann U, Hackmann AE, Mickey B, Peltz M, Jessen ME, Pascual JM. Maintenance of pig brain function under extracorporeal pulsatile circulatory control (EPCC). Sci Rep 2023; 13:13942. [PMID: 37626089 PMCID: PMC10457326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective vascular access to the brain is desirable in metabolic tracer, pharmacological and other studies aimed to characterize neural properties in isolation from somatic influences from chest, abdomen or limbs. However, current methods for artificial control of cerebral circulation can abolish pulsatility-dependent vascular signaling or neural network phenomena such as the electrocorticogram even while preserving individual neuronal activity. Thus, we set out to mechanically render cerebral hemodynamics fully regulable to replicate or modify native pig brain perfusion. To this end, blood flow to the head was surgically separated from the systemic circulation and full extracorporeal pulsatile circulatory control (EPCC) was delivered via a modified aorta or brachiocephalic artery. This control relied on a computerized algorithm that maintained, for several hours, blood pressure, flow and pulsatility at near-native values individually measured before EPCC. Continuous electrocorticography and brain depth electrode recordings were used to evaluate brain activity relative to the standard offered by awake human electrocorticography. Under EPCC, this activity remained unaltered or minimally perturbed compared to the native circulation state, as did cerebral oxygenation, pressure, temperature and microscopic structure. Thus, our approach enables the study of neural activity and its circulatory manipulation in independence of most of the rest of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Shariff
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Aksharkumar Dobariya
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Obada Albaghdadi
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jacob Awkal
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Hadi Moussa
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Gabriel Reyes
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mansur Syed
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Robert Hart
- The Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Cameron Longfellow
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Debra Douglass
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Tarek Y El Ahmadieh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Levi B Good
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Vikram Jakkamsetti
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Gauri Kathote
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Gus Angulo
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Qian Ma
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA
| | - Ronnie Brown
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Misha Dunbar
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Bret M Evers
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sourav Patnaik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ulrike Hoffmann
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Amy E Hackmann
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Heart and Vascular Center Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce Mickey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Matthias Peltz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Michael E Jessen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Juan M Pascual
- Rare Brain Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Mail Code 8813, Dallas, TX, 75390-8813, USA.
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development/Center for Human Genetics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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