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KIANI AYSHAKARIM, PHEBY DEREK, HENEHAN GARY, BROWN RICHARD, SIEVING PAUL, SYKORA PETER, MARKS ROBERT, FALSINI BENEDETTO, CAPODICASA NATALE, MIERTUS STANISLAV, LORUSSO LORENZO, DONDOSSOLA DANIELE, TARTAGLIA GIANLUCAMARTINO, ERGOREN MAHMUTCERKEZ, DUNDAR MUNIS, MICHELINI SANDRO, MALACARNE DANIELE, BONETTI GABRIELE, DAUTAJ ASTRIT, DONATO KEVIN, MEDORI MARIACHIARA, BECCARI TOMMASO, SAMAJA MICHELE, CONNELLY STEPHENTHADDEUS, MARTIN DONALD, MORRESI ASSUNTA, BACU ARIOLA, HERBST KARENL, KAPUSTIN MYKHAYLO, STUPPIA LIBORIO, LUMER LUDOVICA, FARRONATO GIAMPIETRO, BERTELLI MATTEO. Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2022; 63:E255-E266. [PMID: 36479489 PMCID: PMC9710398 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2s3.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethical Committees' adoption of the 'four Rs' principles (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement and Responsibility) as a guide when making decisions regarding animal experimentation. Some of the essential considerations for humane animal experimentation are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with experimental animals completely and further research is needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
- AYSHA KARIM KIANI
- Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
| | - DEREK PHEBY
- Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, High Wycombe, UK
| | - GARY HENEHAN
- School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - RICHARD BROWN
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - PAUL SIEVING
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Ocular Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - PETER SYKORA
- Department of Philosophy and Applied Philosophy, University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - ROBERT MARKS
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - BENEDETTO FALSINI
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - STANISLAV MIERTUS
- Department of Biotechnology, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - DANIELE DONDOSSOLA
- Center for Preclincal Research and General and Liver Transplant Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca‘ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - GIANLUCA MARTINO TARTAGLIA
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - MAHMUT CERKEZ ERGOREN
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - MUNIS DUNDAR
- Department of Medical Genetics, Erciyes University Medical Faculty, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - SANDRO MICHELINI
- Vascular Diagnostics and Rehabilitation Service, Marino Hospital, ASL Roma 6, Marino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - MARIA CHIARA MEDORI
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- Correspondence: Maria Chiara Medori, MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), 38068, Italy. E-mail:
| | - TOMMASO BECCARI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - DONALD MARTIN
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, SyNaBi, Grenoble, France
| | - ASSUNTA MORRESI
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - ARIOLA BACU
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - KAREN L. HERBST
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills California and Tucson Arizona, USA
| | | | - LIBORIO STUPPIA
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - LUDOVICA LUMER
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - GIAMPIETRO FARRONATO
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - MATTEO BERTELLI
- MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
- MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
- MAGISNAT, Peachtree Corners (GA), USA
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