Basal levels of inorganic elements, genetic damages, and hematological values in captive Falco peregrinus

Presence of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in Caracara (Polyborus) plancus living in an airport area in southern Brazil

The aviation sector is believed to be responsible for considerable environmental damage attributed to emission of a large number and amount of pollutants. Airports are often surrounded by forest fragments and humid areas that attract birds of prey and hence may potentially serve as useful bioindicators. The aim of the present study was to examine genotoxic potential in raptors exposed to airport pollution using the micronucleus (MN) test and morphological changes as evidenced by bilateral symmetry. This investigation was conducted at Salgado Filho International Airport of Porto Alegre - RS as well as in private and zoological breeding grounds. The presence of metals was measured in the blood cells of the collected birds. Seventeen birds (Caracara (Polyborus) plancus) were used in this study 11 from exposed and 6 from non-exposed group. The nuclear alterations clearly indicate that organisms exposed to airport pollution exhibited a significantly higher frequency of genetic damage compared to non-exposed birds. Further, manganese and chromium were detected exclusively in the blood of the exposed group. In contrast, the analysis of bilateral symmetry did not detect any significant morphologic differences between the two groups. Therefore, data indicate that blood genotoxic stress occurs in birds of prey living in civil aviation areas as evidenced by MN frequency increase and presence of manganese and chromium.

Urbanity as a source of genotoxicity in the synanthropic Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus)

Increases in human population lead to an increase in urban wastes, which could affect wildlife in several ways. Urban pollutants can affect erythrocytes of birds generating morphological membrane and nuclear anomalies. The Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) is an opportunistic species, which take advantage of urban environments, thus being highly exposed to environmental pollution. In northeastern Patagonia, the dynamic of the waste management was transformed in the last decade and consequently, gulls changed their movements in response to changes in waste management systems. The food available to the seagulls went from being a mixture of urban/fishing discards until 2015, when this landfill closures, to being domestic urban offerings. In order of evaluating genotoxicity and changes in pollutants exposition due to these changes, we analyzed the frequencies of erythrocytes nuclear abnormalities and micronuclei (ENAs and MN respectively) in 58 blood smears from adults extracted during the non-breeding season in two periods in landfills with different waste compositions: a mixed landfill (ML) in 2013 before closure (n = 24) versus an urban landfill (UL) (n = 34) in 2021. We found that the Kelp Gull showed high values of abnormalities with an average of 151.5 /10,000 RBC in comparison with other seabird species. The bud and notched types of ENAs were the most prevalent abnormalities in both sites. We did not find significate differences in the overall abnormality frequency between sites, however we found significant higher frequencies in displaced and tailed types of ENAs in ML. We also found poikilocytosis, as seen previously in other animals exposed experimentally to pollutants such as metals and crude oil. Cellular abnormalities found in the Kelp Gull suggest an exposition of individuals to pollutants in foraging areas. The hemispheric distribution and the synanthropic characteristics of the species denote its importance as a suitable global monitor of genotoxicity.