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Palhano RLA, Martins RA, Lemos GS, Faleiros RR, da Fonseca LA, Gorza LL, Lopes CEB, Meneses RM, de Carvalho AU, Filho EJF, Moreira TF. Exploring the impact of high-energy diets on cattle: Insights into subacute rumen acidosis, insulin resistance, and hoof health. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5054-5069. [PMID: 38460875 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Cattle lameness remains a significant concern, causing economic losses and compromising animal welfare. Claw horn lesions have been identified as a major cause of lameness in dairy cows, but their correlation with high-energy diets and ruminal acidosis remains unclear. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of a high-starch diet and a conventional diet on the rumen environment, acute-phase proteins, and metabolic alterations, with a particular focus on insulin resistance and the consequent implications for the histology of the hooves in Holstein steers. A total of 16 animals were divided into the high-starch (HS; 37% starch) and conventional (CON; 16.8% starch) groups. Glucose tolerance tests (GTT), blood analyses, rumen fluid analyses, and histological evaluations of the hoof tissue were conducted over a 102-d experimental period. The HS group showed a lower ruminal pH than the CON group, and with values indicating SARA. The plasma glucose and IGF-1 concentrations were higher in the HS group, suggesting an anabolic state. Both groups exhibited an increase in the insulin area under the curve (AUC) after the GTT on d 102. Histological analysis of the hooves showed a reduction in the length and width of the epidermal lamella in both groups. We found a significant negative correlation between the insulin AUC and the length and width of the epidermal lamella. Because both groups were similarly affected, the hypothesis that histological alterations were caused by the experimental diets still needs confirmation. Additionally, the development of SARA was not essential for the observed histological changes in the hoof. Further studies are warranted to thoroughly investigate the role of insulin and IGF-1 imbalances in claw health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo L A Palhano
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A Martins
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Lemos
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Faleiros
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leandro A da Fonseca
- Veterinary Departament, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo L Gorza
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos E B Lopes
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Meneses
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio U de Carvalho
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elias J F Filho
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago F Moreira
- Veterinary Clinic and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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Françoso R, Baccarin RY, de Siqueira RF, Belli CB. Use of FreeStyle Libre for continuous glucose monitoring in adult horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024; 34:123-130. [PMID: 38459745 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the feasibility of using the FreeStyle Libre (a continuous glucose monitoring system [CGMS]) for instantaneous continuous monitoring of interstitial glucose in adult horses and examine the applicability and accuracy of this system in horses submitted to combined glucose-insulin test (CGIT). DESIGN Laboratory measurements and continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) readings were analyzed using a 2 × 2 factorial statistical model with repeated measures over time. This analysis assessed the effects of the test (factor 1), group (factor 2), and their interactions (test × group, test × time, and group × time). Pearson's correlation analysis was applied to blood glucose values. Mean comparisons were conducted using the t-test, and agreement between techniques was assessed via the Bland-Altman method, with a 95% confidence interval. SETTING Field study on private horse farms in association with a veterinary school. ANIMALS Ten healthy stallions were assigned to one of two groups based on their body condition scores (BCS). Group 1 (G1, n = 5) consisted of nonobese horses with a BCS of 5 or 6, while Group 2 (G2, n = 5) consisted of obese horses with a BCS of 7 or higher. INTERVENTIONS A CGMS sensor was attached to the dorsolateral aspect of the proximal one third of each horse's neck. Laboratory blood glucose measurements and CGMS interstitial glucose readings were compared at different time points for up to 7 days after sensor fixation. Obese horses were also submitted to CGIT on Day 4. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A comparative analysis of glucose measurements obtained in G1 and G2 horses using the CGMS and enzymatic methods revealed significant group × time interactions (P < 0.001) and time effects (P < 0.001). No interactions were detected between group (P = 0.45), test (P = 0.62), group and test (P = 0.28), or time and test (P = 0.92). In G1 and G2, tests were significantly correlated (r = 0.84 and P = 0.00) at all time points (T0-T5). Agreement between the glucose values obtained using different methods was excellent despite a small time delay in CGMS detection of rapid changes in blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the CGMS can be used for indirect assessment of glycemic status (ie, based on interstitial glucose measurements) in nonobese and obese adult horses submitted to CGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Françoso
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantins do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Brazil
| | - Raquel Y Baccarin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata F de Siqueira
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Carla B Belli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:727. [PMID: 38473112 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.
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Malacarne BD, Martins RR, Paz CFR, Alves JVA, Dias LA, Cavalcante MA, Santos AM, Silva AGM, Leise BS, Carvalho AM, Faleiros RR. Histological comparison of the lamellar tissue of Iberian origin breed horses created in semi-feral conditions or in an intensive system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286536. [PMID: 37262053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the external conformation of wild horse hooves has been proposed as an ideal model for domesticated modern horses, histological signs of laminitis have been reported among them. With the hypothesis that the lamellar tissue of horses of Iberian origin raised in semi-feral is healthier than those raised in an intensive management system (stall confinement and high-calorie diet intake), the objective was to compare their lamellar tissues. Lamellar tissue samples were taken from the forelimb hoof of eight domesticated Mangalarga Marchador (MM) horses and from six semi-feral Marajoara (MJ) and Puruca (MP) horses. Primary epidermal lamella (PEL) and secondary epidermal lamella (SEL) were measured (length and width) in several regions, and their shapes were morphologically classified into different types. Breed groups were compared using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey or Dunn tests (P<0.05). Early signs of laminitis such as abnormal keratinization of the abaxial primary dermal lamella, tapered tips of the axial PELs, pointed tips of the SEL, nuclei condensation, and abnormal spatial orientation of the secondary epidermal basal cells (SELBC), were seen only in MM horses. MP horses had a greater interface of epidermis/dermis contact than MJ horses and more rounded nuclei in the round SELBC than MM horses. In agreement with the study hypothesis, semi-feral MJ and MP horses' lamellae were classified as healthier than MM horses, which showed early signs of endocrinopathic laminitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dondoni Malacarne
- Marion DuPont Equine Medical Center, Virginia Tech, Leesburg, Virginia, United States of America
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Martins
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro Universitário de Mineiros-UNIFIMES, Mineiros, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cahuê Francisco Rosa Paz
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Antunes Dias
- Equinova Research Group, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Alison Miranda Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Britta Sigrid Leise
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040666. [PMID: 36830453 PMCID: PMC9951652 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample research describing the increased risk of health concerns associated with equine obesity, including insulin dysregulation and laminitis. For athletes, the negative effect of weight carriage is well documented in racing thoroughbreds (i.e., handicapping with weight) and rider weight has been shown to impact the workload of ridden horses and to some degree their gait and movement. In many groups of competitive and athletic horses and ponies, obesity is still relatively common. Therefore, these animals not only are at risk of metabolic disease, but also must perform at a higher workload due to the weight of their adipose tissue. Excess body weight has been documented to affect gait quality, cause heat stress and is expected to hasten the incidence of arthritis development. Meanwhile, many equine event judges appear to favor the look of adiposity in competitive animals. This potentially rewards horses and ponies that are at higher risk of disease and reinforces the owner's decisions to keep their animals fat. This is a welfare concern for these animals and is of grave concern for the equine industry.
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Duarte PDC, Ribeiro RM, Machado ART, Faleiros RR, Pimenta LPS, Filho JDDS. Metabolic Profile Changes in Mangalarga Marchador Horses Subjected to A Hypercaloric Diet Evaluated by Proton NMR Spectroscopy. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 103:103684. [PMID: 34281651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of equine metabolic syndrome, a condition that results in endocrinopathic laminitis, is increasing worldwide. Although it is well known that the development of this syndrome depends on imbalances in energy metabolism and genetic traits, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) is a powerful tool used to compare metabolic profiles and to discriminate metabolites in living beings. The aim was to apply this technology to detect blood biomarkers candidates in horses that were previously demonstrated to developed metabolic changes when subjected to induced obesity. Nine Mangalarga Marchador horses received a hypercaloric diet for 5 months and serum metabolomic analysis was performed before, during, and after the diet period. The 1H NMR results were subjected to multivariate analysis and NMR analysis allowed to identify six compounds (alanine, threonine, choline, α-glucose, β-glucose, and creatinine), and observe the increasing choline level over the assessment period in four animals. A hypercaloric diet altered the metabolic profile of horses, with an individual bias in the time at which these changes occurred. This study is the first to describe metabolomic compounds in Mangalarga Marchador horses subjected to a hypercaloric diet rich in non-structural carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia de Castro Duarte
- Equinova Research Group, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Rafael Resende Faleiros
- Equinova Research Group, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - José Dias de Souza Filho
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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