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Simas Pereira Junior LC, Souza JF, Rodrigues da Silva AC, Coriolano de Oliveira E, Sanchez EF, Fuly AL. Utilization of gallic acid to inhibit some toxic activities caused by Bothrops jararaca or B. jararacussu snake venoms. Toxicon 2022; 217:5-12. [PMID: 35931224 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snake bite envenoming is a serious public health issue, affecting thousands of people worldwide every year, especially in rural communities of tropical and subtropical countries. Injection of venom into victims may cause hemorrhaging, blood coagulation imbalance, inflammation, pain, edema, muscle necrosis, and eventually, death. The official validated treatment recommended by governments is the administration of antivenom that efficiently prevents morbidity and mortality. However, this therapy does not effectively neutralize the local effects of Viperidae venoms which constitute one of the leading causes of disability or amputation of the affected limb. Thus, bioprospecting studies seeking for alternative therapies to complement antivenom should be encouraged, especially those investigating the blockage of local venomic toxicity. Plants produce a great diversity of metabolites with a wide range of pharmacological and biological properties. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the utilization of gallic acid, which is widely found in plants, against some toxic in vitro (coagulation, proteolytic, and hemolytic) or in vivo (edematogenic, hemorrhagic, and lethal) activities of Bothrops jararaca or B. jararacussu venom. Gallic acid was incubated with B. jararaca or B. jararacussu venom (incubation protocol), after which, in vitro or in vivo assays were performed. Additionally, a gel containing gallic acid was developed and topically applied over the skin of mice after injection of B. jararaca or B. jararacussu venom (treatment protocol), and then, a hemorrhagic assay was carried out. As a result, gallic acid inhibited the toxic activities, with variable efficacy, and the gallic acid gel neutralized B. jararaca or B. jararacussu venom-induced hemorrhagic activity. Gallic acid was devoid of in vitro toxicity as shown through a hemocompatibility test. Thus, these findings demonstrate the potential of gallic acid in the development of an alternative agent to treat victims of snake bites inflicted by Bothrops species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos Simas Pereira Junior
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biomédicas (Fisiologia e Farmacologia), Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24210-130, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Frouche Souza
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eladio Flores Sanchez
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas de Venenos de Animais, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte, 30510-010, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Laboratório de Venenos e Toxinas e Avaliação de Inibidores, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências Biomédicas (Fisiologia e Farmacologia), Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24210-130, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24020-141, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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