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Dossou AJ, Fandohan AB, Omara T, Chippaux JP. Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology and Treatment of Snakebite Envenomation in West Africa: Case of Benin. J Trop Med 2024; 2024:8357312. [PMID: 38623180 PMCID: PMC11018376 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8357312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) constitutes a public health, social, and economic problem affecting poor communities in intertropical and subtropical regions. This review sought to synthesize literature on snakebite envenomation in Benin to highlight research perspectives and strategies for better management of the menace. A literature search performed in multidisciplinary electronic databases showed that the prevalence of SBE is high in Benin, but the incidences, associated morbidities, and mortalities are greatly underestimated. Most snake envenomations are by Echis ocellatus in Northern Benin during the rainy season. Adults involved in agricultural activities are the most affected. The absence of antivenin serum in the most affected areas explains the preference for alternative and traditional medicine as the first-line treatment for SBE in Benin. In conclusion, it would be imperative to revitalize the snakebite reporting system in order to have better epidemiological data and to develop a sustainable national strategy for the control and management of snakebite envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayékotchami Jacques Dossou
- Research Unit in Forestry and Conservation of Bioresources, National University of Agriculture, School of Tropical Forestry, BP 43, Kétou, Benin
| | - Adandé Belarmain Fandohan
- Research Unit in Forestry and Conservation of Bioresources, National University of Agriculture, School of Tropical Forestry, BP 43, Kétou, Benin
| | - Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Nasiri E, Orimi JR, Aghabeiglooei Z, Walker-Meikle K, Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M. Avicenna's pharmacopeia for the treatment of animal bites. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:3375-3393. [PMID: 37368027 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Envenomation is a common medical problem. The Canon of Medicine written by Avicenna is one of the reliable sources of Persian medicine. The present study aims to identify Avicenna's clinical pharmacology approach and the pharmacopeia used for the treatment of animal envenomations and also to evaluate the related data in light of the current medicine. The Canon of Medicine was searched using related Arabic keywords for the contents about the treatment of animal bites. A literature search was conducted in scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to obtain relevant data. Avicenna recommended one hundred and eleven medicinal plants for the treatment of bites of vertebrate and invertebrate venomous animals including snakes, scorpions, spiders, wasps, and centipedes. He mentioned different methods of administrating these drugs including oral drugs, lotions, sprayed drugs, slow-dissolving tablets in the mouth, and enemas. Moreover, he paid special attention to pain relief in addition to specific treatments for animal bites. In the Canon of Medicine, Avicenna recommended several medicinal plants alongside analgesics for the management and treatment of animal envenomations. The current research elucidates the clinical pharmacology and pharmacopeia of Avicenna for the treatment of animal envenomations. Further research is encouraged to evaluate the efficacy of these therapeutic agents for the treatment of animal bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Nasiri
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Jamal Rezaei Orimi
- Department of History of Medical Sciences, School of Allied of Medical Sciences, Mazanadaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghabeiglooei
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 27, Sarparast Ave., Taleqani St., Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, 5th Kilometer of Khorramabad-Boroujerd Highway, Khorramabad, 68151-44316, Iran.
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Aron MB, Mulwafu M, Mailosi B, Kreuels B, Dullie L, Kachimanga C, Blessmann J, Ndarama E, Sambani C, Munyaneza F, Rosenthal A. Experiences and practices of traditional healers on snakebite treatment and prevention in rural Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011653. [PMID: 37792697 PMCID: PMC10550111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming remains a public health threat in many tropical countries including Malawi. Traditional healers (THs) have been consulted by victims of snakebites as primary caregivers for millennia. There are no studies in Malawi to understand this phenomenon, therefore, our study aimed to explore the experiences and practices of THs regarding snakebite treatment and prevention in rural Malawi. Between August and September 2022, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 16 THs who were purposefully selected from various locations across Neno District, Malawi. We analysed the interview data using Dedoose software, where we generated codes and grouped them into themes. Out of the 16 THs interviewed, 68.8% (n = 11) were male, and 43.8% were aged between 40 and 60 years. Our study identified five themes: THs' knowledge of snakes and treatment, the continuum of care they provide, payment procedures, snakebite prevention, and their relationship with health facilities. They claimed a good understanding of the snakes in their area, including the seasons with more snakebites, and were confident in their ability to provide treatment, however, this was not scientifically proven. They offered a comprehensive care package, including diagnosis, first aid, main treatment, and follow-up care to monitor the victim's condition and adjust treatment as needed. THs provide free treatment for snakebites or use a "pay later" model of service delivery. All THs claimed a "vaccine" for snakebites that could prevent bites or neutralize the venom. However, no formal relationship existed between THs and Health Care Workers (HCWs). We recommend collaboration between HCWs and THs, establishing clear referral pathways for snakebite victims and educating THs on identifying danger signs requiring prompt referral to healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Banda Aron
- Partners In Health / Abwenzi Pa Za Umoyo, Neno, Malawi
- Research Group Snakebite Envenoming, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Benno Kreuels
- Research Group Snakebite Envenoming, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Section for Tropical Medicine, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jörg Blessmann
- Research Group Snakebite Envenoming, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Enoch Ndarama
- Neno District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Neno, Malawi
| | - Clara Sambani
- Department of Research, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Anat Rosenthal
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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4
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Yayehrad AT, Marew T, Matsabisa M, Wondie GB. Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Ficus vasta Gum as a Binder in Tablet Formulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8852784. [PMID: 37593524 PMCID: PMC10432117 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8852784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Binders are ingredients used in tablet granulation process for tablet cohesiveness which confirms that the tablet remains intact after compression. Natural gums have been employed as disintegrants, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, and binders in tablets. Even though Ficus vasta gum is claimed as a possible pharmaceutical excipient by some phytochemical studies, literature is scanty on its efficacy as a tablet binder. The purpose of this study was to isolate, characterize, and comparatively evaluate Ficus vasta gum as a potential binder in tablet formulation. Gum was extracted from Ficus vasta tree, characterized for physicochemical properties, and applied as a binder in paracetamol granule and tablet formulation. Granules were prepared using 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% w/w concentration of the gum and standard binders (polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 and Starch@1500) by wet granulation. The formulated tablets were then evaluated for tablet quality parameters, and comparison between the test and standard binders was done by ANOVA. The dried crude gum yielded 50.63% (w/w) of a brownish yellow purified gum. The angle of repose, Carr's index, and the Hausner ratio all complied with the pharmacopoeial recommendations. The gum is compatible with the model drug, paracetamol. The paracetamol granules prepared with Ficus gum binder demonstrated an optimum size range and size distribution with substantial flow and compressibility properties. Ficus gum binder demonstrated significantly higher disintegration time and strength properties than that of similar concentrations of Starch@1500 but lower than polyvinylpyrrolidone (p < 0.05). Ficus gum has better binding properties than starch but lower than polyvinylpyrrolidone. Hence, Ficus vasta gum can be used as an alternative tablet binder in tablet manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashagrachew Tewabe Yayehrad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Marew
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Motlalepula Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gebremariam Birhanu Wondie
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Mogha NG, Kalokora OJ, Amir HM, Kacholi DS. Ethnomedicinal plants used for treatment of snakebites in Tanzania - a systematic review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1925-1934. [PMID: 36205572 PMCID: PMC9553154 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Snake envenomation is one of the neglected health problems in Tanzania. Since most people, especially in rural areas, suffer from its burden, their cases are not documented due to reliance on medicinal plants. Despite the pivotal role of medicinal plants in treating snakebites, there is a paucity of information. OBJECTIVE This review documents medicinal plants used to treat snakebites in Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct and grey literature was conducted to retrieve relevant information on medicinal plants used to treat snakebites in Tanzania. The review was conducted as per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The obtained information from 19 published articles was organized and analysed based on citation frequency. RESULTS A total of 109 plant species belonging to 49 families are used as snakebite antivenom in Tanzania. Fabaceae had the highest number of medicinal plants (19.3%). The dominant plant growth forms were trees (35%) and shrubs (33%). Roots were the most frequently used plant part (54%), followed by leaves (26%) and bark (11%). Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae), Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) (Fabaceae), Suregada zanzibariensis Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul. (Phyllanthaceae), Cissampelos pareira L. (Menispermaceae) and Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. & Perr. (Fabaceae) were the most cited medicinal plants. CONCLUSIONS Tanzania has diverse plants used for snakebite treatment; a few have been analysed for their bioactive components. Further study of the phytochemicals may provide scientific information to develop snakebite drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Gideon Mogha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Olivia John Kalokora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Halima Mvungi Amir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - David Sylvester Kacholi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Steegemans I, Sisay K, Nshimiyimana E, Gebrewold G, Piening T, Menberu Tessema E, Sahelie B, Alcoba G, Gebretsadik FS, Essink D, Collin S, Lucero E, Ritmeijer K. Treatment outcomes among snakebite patients in north-west Ethiopia-A retrospective analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010148. [PMID: 35139079 PMCID: PMC8863263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of people are bitten by venomous snakes annually, causing high mortality and disability, but the true burden of this neglected health issue remains unknown. Since 2015, Médecins Sans Frontières has been treating snakebite patients in a field hospital in north-west Ethiopia. Due to the poor market situation for effective and safe antivenoms for Sub-Saharan Africa, preferred antivenom was not always available, forcing changes in choice of antivenom used. This study describes treatment outcomes and the effectiveness and safety of different antivenoms used. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This retrospective observational study included 781 snakebite patients presenting at the field hospital between 2015 and 2019. Adjusted odds ratios, 95%-CI and p-values were used to compare the treatment outcome of patients treated with Fav-Afrique (n = 149), VacSera (n = 164), and EchiTAb-PLUS-ICP (n = 156) antivenom, and to identify the risk of adverse reactions for each antivenom. Whereas only incidental snakebite cases presented before 2015, after treatment was made available, cases rapidly increased to 1,431 in 2019. Envenomation was mainly attributed to North East African saw-scaled viper (Echis pyramidum) and puff adder (Bitis arietans). Patients treated with VacSera antivenom showed lower chance of uncomplicated treatment outcome (74.4%) compared to Fav-Afrique (93.2%) and EchiTAb-PLUS-ICP (90.4%). VacSera and EchiTAb-PLUS-ICP were associated with 16- and 6-fold adjusted odds of treatment reaction compared to Fav-Afrique, respectively, and VacSera was weakly associated with higher odds of death. CONCLUSIONS / SIGNIFICANCE Snakebite frequency is grossly underreported unless treatment options are available. Although EchiTAb-PLUS-ICP showed favorable outcomes in this retrospective analysis, prospective randomized trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the most promising antivenoms for Sub-Saharan Africa. Structural investment in sustained production and supply of antivenom is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Steegemans
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Collin
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
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Adinortey MB. Botanical treatments for snakebite in rural Ghana: A narrative review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114432. [PMID: 34274442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the countryside, there are some limitations with the use of venom antisera to manage snake bites. Due to poor access to healthcare and as a result of the difficulty in receiving treatment for cases of snake bites, most rural people in Ghana, a West African country, rely on plant medicine as a first aid to manage cases of venomous snakebite. This calls for more research into the species of plants used to medically manage snakebite envenomation. AIM OF THE STUDY This review sought to present plants that are used in managing snakebite cases and also gather data supporting their use. METHODOLOGY This is a systematic search and review of information obtained from textbooks and databases such as PubMed and ScienceDirect between January 1975 and August 2020. RESULTS A search done identified 43 plant species and these were found to belong to 25 taxonomic families with the most frequent ones being, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, and Solanaceae. Experimental data gathered indicate that among the many plants identified to be used to manage snakebites, only 5 were found with anti-venom in vitro and in vivo evidence-based data. CONCLUSION Data collated hint that a few plant species identified namely Anacardium occidentale, Euphorbia hirta, Mimosa pudica, Musa paradisiaca and Mangifera indica, work by targeting diverse physiopathological and biochemical processes involved in the clinical manifestations of snakebites. This review has also unearthed knowledge gaps that can form the basis for broad investigations and development of these and other medicinal plants into useful anti-venom medications.
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Yusuf AJ, Aleku GA, Bello UR, Liman DU. Prospects and Challenges of Developing Plant-Derived Snake Antivenin Natural Products: A Focus on West Africa. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3635-3648. [PMID: 34585514 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is an important public health issue that is now receiving renewed attention following its reclassification as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). Most incidences occur in rural areas of resource-limited countries, as such, timely and appropriate medical care for SBE is often inaccessible. The administration of anti-snake venom serum (ASV) is the only effective definitive treatment of SBE, but treatment failure to available ASVs is not uncommon. Emerging evidence highlights the potential of small-molecule compounds as inhibitors against toxins of snake venom. This presents an encouraging prospect to develop an alternative therapeutic option for the treatment SBE, that may be amenable for use at the point of care in resource-constraint settings. In view of the pivotal role of natural products in modern drug discovery programmes, there is considerable interest in ethno-pharmacological mining of medicinal plants and plant-derived medicinal compounds toward developing novel snake venom-neutralising therapeutics. In this review, we compile a collection of medicinal plants used in the treatment of SBE in West Africa and highlight their promise as potential botanical drugs or as sources of novel small-molecule compounds for the treatment of SBE. The challenges that must be surmounted to bring this to fruition including the need for (sub) regional collaboration have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina J Yusuf
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Godwin A Aleku
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Usman Rabiu Bello
- Biotechnology unit, Department of Life Sciences, Mewar University, Gangrar, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dahiru Umar Liman
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Bolon I, Babo Martins S, Ochoa C, Alcoba G, Herrera M, Bofia Boyogueno HM, Sharma BK, Subedi M, Shah B, Wanda F, Sharma SK, Nkwescheu AS, Ray N, Chappuis F, Ruiz de Castañeda R. What is the impact of snakebite envenoming on domestic animals? A nation-wide community-based study in Nepal and Cameroon. Toxicon X 2021; 9-10:100068. [PMID: 34179766 PMCID: PMC8214143 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenoming is a life-threatening disease in humans and animals and a major public health issue in rural communities of South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Yet the impact of snakebite on domestic animals has been poorly studied. This study aimed to describe the context, clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of snakebite envenoming in domestic animals in Nepal and Cameroon. Primary data on snakebite in animals were recorded from a community-based nation-wide survey on human and animal snakebite in Nepal and Cameroon (Snake-byte project). Mobile teams collected data on snakebite in humans and animals in 13,879 and 10,798 households in Nepal and Cameroon respectively from December 2018 to June 2019. This study included 405 snakebite cases (73 in Nepal and 332 in Cameroon) in multiple types of animals. An interview with a structured questionnaire collected specific information about the animal victims. Snake bites in animals took place predominantly inside and around the house or farm in Nepal (92%) and Cameroon (71%). Other frequent locations in Cameroon were field or pasture (12%). A large diversity of clinical features was reported in all types of envenomed animals. They showed either a few clinical signs (e.g., local swelling, bleeding) or a combination of multiple clinical signs. Only 9% of animal victims, mainly cattle and buffaloes and less frequently goats, sheep, and dogs, received treatment, predominantly with traditional medicine. The overall mortality of snakebite was 85% in Nepal and 87% in Cameroon. Results from this nationwide study show an important impact of snakebite on animal health in Nepal and Cameroon. There is a need for cost-effective prevention control strategies and affordable snakebite therapies in the veterinary field to save animal lives and farmer livelihood in the poorest countries of the world. The WHO global strategy to prevent and control snakebite envenoming supports a One Health approach, which may help develop integrated solutions to the snakebite problem taking into account human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bolon
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Chemin des mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Babo Martins
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Chemin des mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Ochoa
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Chemin des mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Alcoba
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Chemin des mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, Geneva 14, 1211, Switzerland
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Rue de Lausanne 78, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - María Herrera
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Henri Magloire Bofia Boyogueno
- Ministère de l'Elevage, des Pêches et des Industries Animales (MINEPIA), Direction des Services Vétérinaires, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Barun Kumar Sharma
- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Manish Subedi
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Buddha Road, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Bhupendra Shah
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Buddha Road, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Franck Wanda
- Centre International de Recherche, d'Enseignement et de Soins en Milieu Tropical (CIRES), BP 11 Akonolinga, Cameroon
| | - Sanjib Kumar Sharma
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS), Buddha Road, Dharan, 56700, Nepal
| | - Armand Seraphin Nkwescheu
- Cameroon Society of Epidemiology (CaSE), P.O.Box 1411, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nicolas Ray
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Chemin des mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 boulevard Carl-Vogt, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, Geneva 14, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda
- Institute of Global Health, Department of Community Health and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Chemin des mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
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Nascimento LS, Nogueira-Souza PD, Rocha-Junior JRS, Monteiro-Machado M, Strauch MA, Prado SAL, Melo PA, Veiga-Junior VF. Phytochemical composition, antisnake venom and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract of Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq) Moldenke leaves. Toxicon 2021; 198:121-131. [PMID: 33984369 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Snakebites are considered a major neglected tropical disease, resulting in around 100,000 deaths per year. The recommended treatment by the WHO is serotherapy, which has limited effectiveness against the toxins involved in local tissue damage. In some countries, patients use plants from folk medicines as antivenoms. Aegiphila species are common plants from the Brazilian Amazon and are used to treat snakebites. In this study, leaves from Aegiphila integrifolia (Jacq) Moldenke were collected from Roraima state, Brazil and its ethanolic extract was evaluated through in vitro and in vivo experiments to verify their antiophidic activity against Bothrops atrox crude venom. The isolated compounds from A. integrifolia were analyzed and the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of infrared, ultraviolet, mass, 1H and 1³C NMR spectrometry data. Among the described compounds, lupeol (7), betulinic acid (1), β-sitosterol (6), stigmasterol (5), mannitol (4), and the flavonoids, pectolinarigenin (2) and hispidulin (3), were identified. The ethanolic extract and flavonoids (2 and 3) partially inhibited the proteolytic, phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase activities of B. atrox venom, and the skin hemorrhage induced by this venom in mice. Antimicrobial activity against different bacteria was evaluated and the extract partially inhibited bacterial growth. Thus, taken together, A. integrifolia ethanolic extract has promising use as an antiophidic and antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro S Nascimento
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pâmella D Nogueira-Souza
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Program, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José R S Rocha-Junior
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Program, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Monteiro-Machado
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Program, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Simone A L Prado
- Federal University of Roraima, Department of Chemistry, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Melo
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry Program, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valdir F Veiga-Junior
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Zeynu A, Wondimu T, Demissew S. Herbal medicine used by the community of Koneba district in Afar Regional State, Northeastern Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:410-417. [PMID: 34394323 PMCID: PMC8356579 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pastoral communities of the Afar people in northeastern Ethiopia use medicinal plants for various health problems. However, very limited scientific documents are found addressing ethnomedicinal knowledge of the community. Objective This study aimed at documenting herbal medicine and the associated knowledge from Koneba district of Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods Purposive sampling method was used to select study sites and key informants. General informants were selected through simple random sampling methods. Semi-structured interviews and guided field walk were used to collect data while Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL) and Preference Ranking were used to analyze and verify data. Results A total of 67 medicinal plant species used to treat humans and livestock ailments were recorded and collected. Thirteen medicinal plant species were mentioned as effective medicine against snake bite (ICF; 0.68) while nine species used to treat malaria, common cold and fever (ICF: 0.67). Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A.Rich.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm. was the most preferred species used to combat snakebite, which was prevalent in the area. Conclusion Snake bite, malaria, common cold and fever are common health problems in the study area. Efficient use of herbal medicine has minimized the impact of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeynu
- Semera University, Biology Department, Afar, Ethiopia.
| | - Tigist Wondimu
- Addis Ababa University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management; P.O. Box 30251, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. /
| | - Sebsebe Demissew
- Addis Ababa University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management; P.O. Box 30251, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. /
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Plants Used in Antivenom Therapy in Rural Kenya: Ethnobotany and Future Perspectives. J Toxicol 2020; 2020:1828521. [PMID: 32612650 PMCID: PMC7315313 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1828521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake envenomation is one of the neglected tropical diseases which has left an intolerable death toll and severe socioeconomic losses in Kenya. In a continued effort to identify some antiophidic East African botanical species, this study generated ethnobotanical information on antivenom plants reported in Kenya, with a view to identify potential species which could be subjected to in vitro and clinical studies for possible development into antivenoms. Data retrieved through searches done in multidisciplinary databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scientific Electronic Library Online) indicated that 54 plant species belonging to 45 genera, distributed among 27 families, are used for the management of snakebites in Kenya. Most species belonged to the family Asteraceae (11%), Malvaceae (11%), Fabaceae (9%), Annonaceae (6%), Combretaceae (6%), and Lamiaceae (6%). The main growth habit of the species is as herbs (35%), shrubs (33%), and trees (28%). Ethnomedicinal preparations used in treating snake poisons are usually from leaves (48%), roots (26%), and stem bark (8%) through decoctions, infusions, powders, and juices which are applied topically or administered orally. The most frequently encountered species were Combretum collinum, Euclea divinorum, Fuerstia africana, Grewia fallax, Microglossa pyrifolia, Solanecio mannii, and Solanum incanum. Indigenous knowledge on medicinal antivenom therapy in Kenya is humongous, and therefore studies to isolate and evaluate the antivenom compounds in the claimed plants are required to enable their confident use in antivenom therapy alongside commercial antivenin sera.
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Omara T, Kagoya S, Openy A, Omute T, Ssebulime S, Kiplagat KM, Bongomin O. Antivenin plants used for treatment of snakebites in Uganda: ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological evidences. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:6. [PMID: 32071543 PMCID: PMC7014759 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-019-0187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation is a serious public health concern in rural areas of Uganda. Snakebites are poorly documented in Uganda because most occur in rural settings where traditional therapists end up being the first-line defense for treatment. Ethnobotanical surveys in Uganda have reported that some plants are used to antagonize the activity of various snake venoms. This review was sought to identify antivenin plants in Uganda and some pharmacological evidence supporting their use. A literature survey done in multidisciplinary databases revealed that 77 plant species belonging to 65 genera and 42 families are used for the treatment of snakebites in Uganda. The majority of these species belong to family Fabaceae (31%), Euphorbiaceae (14%), Asteraceae (12%), Amaryllidaceae (10%) and Solanaceae (10%). The main growth habit of the species is shrubs (41%), trees (33%) and herbs (18%). Antivenin extracts are usually prepared from roots (54%) and leaves (23%) through decoctions, infusions, powders, and juices, and are administered orally (67%) or applied topically (17%). The most frequently encountered species were Allium cepa, Carica papaya, Securidaca longipedunculata, Harrisonia abyssinica, and Nicotiana tabacum. Species with global reports of tested antivenom activity included Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Basella alba, Capparis tomentosa, Carica papaya, Cassia occidentalis, Jatropa carcus, Vernonia cinereal, Bidens pilosa, Hoslundia opposita, Maytensus senegalensis, Securinega virosa, and Solanum incanum. There is need to identify and evaluate the antivenom compounds in the claimed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Omara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kesses, P.O.Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Product Development Directory, AgroWays Uganda Limited, Plot 34-60, Kyabazinga Way, P.O. Box 1924, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Sarah Kagoya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Quality Control and Quality Assurance, Product Development Directory, Kakira Sugar Limited, P.O. Box 121, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Abraham Openy
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O.Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Tom Omute
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Lira University, P.O. Box 1035, Lira, Uganda
| | - Stephen Ssebulime
- Directorate of Government Analytical Laboratory, Ministry of Internal Affairs, P.O. Box 2174, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kibet Mohamed Kiplagat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kesses, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Ocident Bongomin
- Department of Manufacturing, Industrial and Textile Engineering, School of Engineering, Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kesses, P.O. Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
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