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Moradi F, Yazdani A, Nematolahi F, Hosseini-Roknabadi SM, Sharifi N. Prevalence of supplement usage and related attitudes and reasons among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan and its relationship with feeding behavior: a cross-sectional study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:150. [PMID: 38978090 PMCID: PMC11229390 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overuse of supplements among athletes is a widespread issue affecting the health of both male and female athletes. However, research on supplements usage among female fitness athletes is limited, and there is little information on the feeding behavior of fitness athletes who use supplements. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge by examining the prevalence of supplement usage and its related attitudes and reasons among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan. It further aimed to investigate the correlation between supplements usage and the feeding behavior of fitness athletes. METHODS For these purposes, in this cross-sectional study, 433 fitness athletes (15‒46 years old) in 28 gyms in the city of Kashan were surveyed using a researcher-made questionnaire in 2023. Five experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. The present study considered the supplements based on the Australian Institute of Sport position statement. A Chi-square analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between the study variables and supplement usage. RESULTS Overall, 272 male and 161 female fitness athletes participated in this study. The results revealed that 57.9% of participants used supplements, most commonly vitamin C, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, and whey protein. The main reason for using supplements was to speed up body repair after exercise (69.5%). Additionally, 41.8% of these athletes believed that using supplements improves their overall performance, and 21.9% thought that supplements do not harm the body. Moreover, a correlation was observed between feeding behavior and the consumption of supplements. It was found that athletes who use supplements tend to eat more white meat, seeds, and nuts and fewer high-fat dairy products than those who do not consume them. CONCLUSION Using supplements among fitness athletes in the gyms of Kashan is common. The main reason for using these substances was to speed up body repair after exercise, and nearly half of the athletes believed that supplements improved their performance. In addition, it was revealed that athletes who take supplements have healthier feeding behaviors than those who do not. Thus, these findings confirm the necessity of informing fitness athletes about using supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-73474, Iran
| | - Akram Yazdani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Nematolahi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-73474, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Roknabadi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sharifi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, 87159-7347415973474, Iran.
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Backhouse SH. A Behaviourally Informed Approach to Reducing the Risk of Inadvertent Anti-doping Rule Violations from Supplement Use. Sports Med 2023; 53:67-84. [PMID: 37801267 PMCID: PMC10721667 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
For many reasons, athletes' use of supplements is highly prevalent across sports and competitive levels, despite the risk of these products containing a substance on the World Anti-Doping Agency Prohibited List. Contravening anti-doping rules through supplement use could have serious consequences for competitive athletes (e.g., ineligibility from major competitions, loss of medals and funding) due to the principle of strict liability. Indiscriminate supplement use also poses a risk to athlete health. To reduce the possibility of ingesting a supplement containing prohibited substances, independent quality assurance and certification programs have been established (e.g., Informed Sport). However, these programs do not completely eliminate risk, leading to some anti-doping organisations promoting a 'just say no' to supplements stance. Yet, this approach can be problematic as a small number of supplements may be necessary for athletes to consume, in certain situations. Recognising that athletes will continue to use these heavily marketed products, this narrative review describes a theoretically underpinned and systematic approach to preventing inadvertent doping by considering the barriers to and enablers of athlete adherence to risk minimisation supplement use guidelines (RMSUG). By outlining a conceptual shift towards a behaviourally informed approach, this review serves to stimulate the development of multifaceted interventions to prevent inadvertent doping through supplement use. Recognising that risk-minimised supplement use involves a myriad of behaviours, the problem of inadvertent doping through supplement use is framed, and research appraised, through the lens of the Behaviour Change Wheel.
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Use and Attitudes Concerning Total Imported Dietary Supplements and Its Factors in Chinese Urban Adults. TOP CLIN NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dietary Supplements Use among Athletes in Lebanon: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Correlates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101521. [PMID: 35627091 PMCID: PMC9140456 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are under the utmost pressure to reach excellence in their performance and achieve the desired outcomes in competitions, prompting them to use dietary supplements. Given the threats to both health and eligibility, it is crucial to observe the prevalence, sources of information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among Lebanese athletes practicing their sports for at least two years. In the present paper, a cross-sectional study is performed using the snowball sampling method, in which a self-administered KAP questionnaire is used to collect data from 455 athletes (mean age: 27.4 ± 7.9 years; men: 73.1%) participating in four sports categories (ball games, combat sports, endurance sports, and weightlifting). Among the Lebanese athletes, the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use was 74%, where half of them had predominately used sports supplements. Athletes in Lebanon heavily rely on coaches (74%) and online sources, including webpages and social media (64%), as key information sources for DSs. The findings suggest that significant proportions of athletes show knowledge deficits and unsatisfactory attitudes towards multiple aspects related to supplementation. Moreover, education and sports type modulate the use of DSs among athletes. Furthermore, 34% reported using supplements without a recommendation from specialists, and 69% admitted to not reading the supplement's nutrition facts. This study urges the need for the regulation of concerned authorities and education programs to help overcome the existing challenges.
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Borges LPSL, Sousa AG, da Costa THM. Physically inactive adults are the main users of sports dietary supplements in the capital of Brazil. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2321-2330. [PMID: 35102448 PMCID: PMC9279227 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This cross-sectional study aimed to provide estimates of dietary supplements (DS) use and to examine the relationship between sports dietary supplements (SDS) use and sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristic, body mass index and total daily physical activity (PA) in the adult population of Brasília, Brazil. Methods DS use was collected from 506 adults via a Food Frequency Questionnaire. DS were divided into multivitamin-minerals, electrolyte drinks, energy, protein, partial meal replacements, creatine, caffeine, and others. Electrolyte drinks, energy, and protein supplements were considered as SDS. PA was estimated from a 24-h PA recall, and total MET (metabolic equivalents)/day and MET-h/day were calculated. Participants were categorized as physically inactive or active according to MET-h/day. Results DS were used by 68% of adults; multivitamin-minerals (38%) and protein supplements (29%) were the most commonly used products. SDS use was associated with the highest socioeconomic level, younger age, and male gender, but not with PA. Also, most SDS users were physically inactive. Conclusion These findings indicate that SDS may be used unnecessarily by adults in Brasília. Specific recommendations and control procedures for the use of SDS are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Gaspar Sousa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Science, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Costa BRBD, Cruz MNDSDL, Roiffé RR, Padilha MC. Suplementos alimentares: uma fonte de doping não intencional? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.25619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O excessivo consumo de suplementos alimentares, aliado a uma legislação inespecífica e a um controle de qualidade ineficiente, faz com que a saúde dos consumidores seja colocada em risco devido à possível existência de contaminantes, em especial pró-hormônios, esteroides anabolizantes e estimulantes. Estes compostos podem proporcionar um aumento do desempenho esportivo e acarretar uma série de efeitos adversos, sendo assim proibidos pela Agência Mundial Antidopagem. A contaminação de suplementos pode ocorrer de maneira deliberada ou através de más práticas de produção, em que são encontrados traços dessas substâncias. Todavia, ambos os casos exigem atenção, já que uma contaminação de apenas 0,00005% em massa pode levar ao doping. Neste sentido, estima-se que de 6,4% a 8,8% dos casos estejam relacionados ao consumo de suplementos contaminados. Perante estes fatos, os objetivos principais do trabalho foram: fazer uma revisão da literatura tanto em trabalhos nacionais quanto internacionais, no que concerne à contaminação de suplementos alimentares e sua relação com a dopagem não intencional, bem como orientar os consumidores a escolherem produtos mais seguros. Neste sentido, foi possível observar que os suplementos nacionais são, geralmente, mais seguros quanto à presença de substâncias proibidas, principalmente em relação à contaminação por agentes anabolizantes. Contudo, ainda é preciso um melhor controle de qualidade perante a contaminação/adulteração por estimulantes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafaela Rocha Roiffé
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Brasil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Gomes Gonçalves e Silva DC, Bavaresco Gambassi B, Dantas MGB, Lima-Oliveira J, Vieira de Carvalho SL, Morais PADO, Sá CA, Cotrim HP, Santos AM, Sobral Filho DC, Schwingel PA. Excessive dietary supplement use and blood pressure among Brazilian male resistance training practitioners and bodybuilders. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1640302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Conceição Gomes Gonçalves e Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bavaresco Gambassi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Jhonatan Lima-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Almeida Sá
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Helma Pinchemel Cotrim
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FMB), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Azenildo Moura Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Sociology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
| | - Dário Celestino Sobral Filho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo Adriano Schwingel
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), UPE, Recife, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FMB), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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Jovanov P, Đorđić V, Obradović B, Barak O, Pezo L, Marić A, Sakač M. Prevalence, knowledge and attitudes towards using sports supplements among young athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:27. [PMID: 31272457 PMCID: PMC6611041 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this international study was to investigate the prevalence of the use of sports supplements among young athletes, as well as their knowledge and attitudes towards sports supplementation. Methods Organized survey study testing the level of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices concerning the use of sports supplements was administered to 348 athletes, 15–18 year olds from 4 countries competing in 18 sports at the international level. Results The prevalence rate of the intake of sports supplements was 82.2%, with the protein supplements being predominant (54.5%). Coaches were identified as the primary source of information regarding supplementation (41.4%). The enhancement of athletic performance (35.4%) was the major motivation for the supplements intake. The majority of athletes (72.1%) were aware of associated health risks. The young athletes possess varying levels of knowledge regarding their own supplementation. The obtained data about the level of knowledge were statistically analyzed using the correspondence analysis. Less than 40% of athletes had the knowledge about the proper and intended use of protein, creatine, amino acids, beta alanine and glutamine, while they had greater understanding about vitamins and minerals, sports drinks and caffeine. The athletes in developed countries had greater access and utilization of professional resources such as dieticians. Young athletes are still unfamiliar with WADA regulations (55.5%), and the misuse of sports supplements represents an ethical dilemma for some. Conclusion These findings indicate the necessity of a comprehensive education of all team members about sports supplements and careful supervision of the athletic development of young athletes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12970-019-0294-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Jovanov
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Višnja Đorđić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovćenska 16, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Borislav Obradović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovćenska 16, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Beograd, 11000, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Marić
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Sakač
- Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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