Prevalence and determinants of the use of pacifiers and feedingbottle: a study in Southwest Bahia

Consequences of Using Artificial Nipples in Exclusive Breastfeeding: An Integrative Review

Objective: To describe the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and method: An integrative review carried out in the Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to answer the following question: What are the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding? Results: 38 articles were analyzed; the analysis gave rise to two categories: neonatal factors and maternal factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding interruption was the neonatal factor most associated with the use of artificial nipples, while the level of maternal education stood out as an intervening factor in exclusive breastfeeding. Pacifiers were the dummy type more commonly mentioned, followed by feeding bottles and nipple shields. Conclusions: The consequences of offering artificial nipples to breastfed infants are mostly negative and associated with the newborn, such as early weaning, refusal to breastfeed, impaired suction technique, incorrect latch-on, interference with orofacial development, and interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who offered artificial nipples to their infants are more likely to experience pain, nipple fissures, frustration, and reduced interaction with their infants.

The influence of gestational age at term on breastfeeding: a cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To identify the effect of the category gestational age at term on breastfeeding in he first hour of life, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth.

METHOD

Single cohort, with a one-year prospective follow-up of 541 children. A hierarchical analysis was performed, with models adjusted per Cox regression, considering critical p < 0.05.

RESULTS

During raw analysis there was a statistical difference on breastfeeding in the first hour of life (RR = 1.54; CI 95% = 1.12-2.12; p = 0.008). However, in the final analysis, there was no association between gestational age at term and breastfeeding in the first hour of life, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and the practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Secondarily, higher age and education, cesarean section, birth at private services, and the need for resuscitation were observed to have a negative influence. Duration of previous pregnancy favored breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Using baby bottle and pacifier was negative for breastfeeding in the first year of life.

CONCLUSION

There was no association between the category gestational age at term and breastfeeding. The association of outcomes pointed out by the scientific literature have been confirmed.

Frequency and Predictors of Pacifier Use in the Low Socioeconomic Group of Karachi, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background Pacifier use has been popular for ages. They are prevalent all over the world because of their various perceived benefits. On the other hand, there is a common belief that they do carry health risks as well. Due to these contradicting belief systems, the frequency of their use, and the factors that determine them, need to be thoroughly evaluated. Since Pakistan is a developing country with a low literacy rate, it can be implied that a vast majority of the country's population may lack awareness regarding the advantages and disadvantages of pacifier use, making them incapable of weighing associated risks versus benefits. The data evaluating these factors in this region are however scarce in the published literature. We, therefore, aimed to highlight the frequency and predictors of pacifier use in the low socioeconomic group of Karachi, Pakistan. Materials and methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 300 mothers visiting a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. We included mothers who had at least one child under the age of two years, and whose child did not have any oro-nasal anomaly that could prevent them from sucking a pacifier. Data were collected using pre-tested questionnaires and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, US). Frequencies were calculated and presented in the form of tables. The chi-square test was used to determine the significance of all categorical variables. A P-value of <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results Almost half of our respondents (49%) gave pacifiers to their children. A significant number (59%) of these mothers were uneducated. Almost all (97%) of the users had annual household income less than 15,000 Pakistani rupees (PKR); 34% were primiparous and more than two-thirds (71%) had a normal vaginal delivery. Out of all the factors, maternal age less than 20, annual household income less than 15,000 PKR, and primiparity were significantly associated with pacifier use in mothers (P<0.05). Only a half of the users (51%) cleaned the pacifiers by boiling; one-fourth (25%) washed it with water only; while 18% washed it with soap and water. The majority (84%) of the mothers used the pacifier to soothe the baby when upset. Among mothers who did not use a pacifier, about a third (30%) did not do so as they believed it's a bad practice. About one-fourth (27%) believed it was unhygienic. Conclusions Our study highlights the gap in the awareness of mothers regarding pacifier use. Using this data, we can target to disseminate specific information to this population to integrate safe and healthy child care habits in society.

Factores sociodemográficos maternos asociados con la lactancia materna exclusiva

Introducción: La lactancia materna es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo adecuados del bebé debido a su composición energética y nutricional, a los factores inmunológicos y a su seguridad bajo los aspectos higiénicos y sanitarios. Objetivo: Dado lo anterior, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los factores sociodemográficos maternos asociados con la lactancia materna exclusiva. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 143 binomios madre-hijo menores de 24 meses de edad asistidos en cuatro Unidades Básicas de Salud de São Luís (MA). Se aplicó un primer formulario para recopilar datos socioeconómicos y demográficos de los binomios madre-hijo menores de 24 meses. El segundo formulario fue respondido por 75 madres con interrupción temprana de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Se evaluó la duración de la lactancia materna exclusiva, la atención prenatal y el posparto para las mujeres, el apoyo social en la lactancia materna y la influencia del uso de chupetes y biberones en la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva. El Test Exacto de Fisher verificó la asociación entre las variables. Resultados: Se observó que el 33,3% de los niños mantuvieron la lactancia materna exclusiva hasta el sexto mes y su tiempo fue más largo (93.3%) entre quienes se beneficiaron de algún programa social. Discusión y Conclusiones: La baja frecuencia del tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva en los niños mostró la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias para alentar la lactancia materna en la Atención Primaria de Salud, a fin de contribuir a la calificación de la atención nutricional y prenatal. Como citar este artigo: Barbosa KIP, Conceição SIO. Fatores sociodemográficos maternos associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo. Rev Cuid. 2020; 11(1): e811. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.811