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Vieira TI, de Sousa Andrade KM, Cabral LM, Valença AMG, Maia LC, Batista AUD. Linear and areal surface roughness assessments for the study of tooth wear in human enamel. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:329-338. [PMID: 36205787 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test 8 models of linear surface roughness assessment in characterizing surface profile description and to correlate these models with equivalent areal parameters over sound human enamel in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty enamel blocks were randomly selected. The roughness data (2D-Rp; Rv; Rz; Rc; Rt; Ra; Rq; Rsk; Rku/3D-Sp; Sv; Sz; Sa; Sq; Ssk; Sku) was obtained in duplicate in a non-contact 3D optical profilometer. The models were composed by 1 single vertical trace (model 1) until 8 traces (model 8 composed by three vertical traces, three horizontal traces, and two diagonal). RESULTS The addition of linear sampling traces to the enamel blocks did not result in Rp, Rv, Rz, Rc, Rt, Ra, Rq, Rsk, and Rku value changes (low power-from 5 to 72%). Significant Spearman's correlation coefficients were obtained in most correlation analysis (Rp ↔ Sp; Rv ↔ Sv; Rz ↔ Sz; Ra ↔ Sa; Rq ↔ Sq; and Rku ↔ Sku). CONCLUSIONS A single vertical trace in the middle of the sample was representative of the overall enamel surface roughness (Rp, Rv, Rz, Rc, Rt, Ra, Rq, Rsk, and Rku) models. The majority of the assessed models in the correlation evaluation presented significant and positive association. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The findings highlight the applicable model for roughness analysis over human enamel recommended for research and in situ trials assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Isidro Vieira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde - Térreo, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry. Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I - Cidade Universitária CEP: 58.051-900, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | - Lúcio Mendes Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Gondim Valença
- Department of Clinic and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Rocha CT, Nogueira ASB, Almeida JDA, Rodrigues LKA, Neves BG. Erosive Effect of Analgesics on Primary Tooth Enamel - An in Vitro Study. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2022.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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Qasim AA, Alani BW, Al Qassar SSS. Effects of fluoridated tooth paste on medically erosive enamel in bonded primary teeth during maxillary arch expansion in cleft palate patient: An in vitro study. J Orthod Sci 2021; 10:17. [PMID: 34568213 PMCID: PMC8423160 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_67_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study searched the effects of fluoridated toothpaste on the enamel surface of deciduous molars eroded by different pediatric liquid medicaments which were encircled by orthodontic bands by gravimetric analysis method. MATERIALS AND METHODS A suitable orthodontic band was used to band each of the 110 non-carious exfoliated deciduous molars, and stored in artificial saliva. These teeth were divided randomly into fluoridated and non-fluoridated groups (50 teeth each), and 10 teeth were used as negative controls. The enamel surface of the fluoridated group was swabbed with fluoridated toothpaste for 5 minutes twice daily. Each group was subdivided into five clusters of 10 teeth each according to the type of medication used which included paracetamol, Adol, amoxicillin, Medazole (ME), and Viton (VI) according to a specific immersion cycle. The erosion induced in the enamel for all the teeth was evaluated by gravimetric analysis for different intervals. RESULTS The results showed that the weight loss increased with increasing exposure to liquid medication for all groups, but this increase was smaller in the fluoridated group. The highest mean weight loss after 28 days was in VI, and the lowest was in ME (0.145 [0.005] mg; 0.08 [0.008] mg), respectively. CONCLUSION The fluoridated toothpaste significantly reduced medically eroded enamel by oral medical syrups. The gravimetric method is valid for the detection of erosion on banded deciduous molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Akram Qasim
- Department of Pedodontic, Orthodontics and Prevention Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Baraa W. Alani
- Department of Pedodontic, Orthodontics and Prevention Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Sarmad S. Salih Al Qassar
- Department of Pedodontic, Orthodontics and Prevention Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Kufiyah AK, Bagasi AMH, Nawlalili SM, Bazaid DS, Marghalani AA, Fathi A. Effect of Zamzam Water on Microhardness of Primary Tooth Enamel After Erosion Induced by Claritin Syrup: An In-vitro Study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2021; 11:173-178. [PMID: 34036079 PMCID: PMC8118050 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_420_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dental erosion is an irreversible damage to hard tissues in the mouth due to acid dissolution not induced by microorganisms. Oral medications contributed to the etiology of dental erosion. Among these medications, antihistamine-containing syrups were reported to have a considerable erosive effect on hard dental tissues. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effect of Zamzam water on the microhardness of primary tooth enamel after erosion induced by Claritin™ syrup. Materials and Methods: The present in-vitro study was conducted on 25 primary central incisor teeth. The labial surfaces of the specimens were prepared for microhardness testing. Baseline microhardness was measured first, then the samples were submerged in the erosive agent Claritin™ syrup, for 30 min every 12 h for 12 days. Thereafter, all the teeth were placed in Zamzam water for 30 min every 12 h for 12 days. The microhardness was measured by the Vickers hardness tester and expressed as Vickers microhardness value (VH). The measurements were completed three times for the same sample: baseline, after erosion, and after Zamzam treatment. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results: The primary teeth included in this study showed a significant increase in their surface microhardness after Zamzam water treatment; the mean value of VH was increased from 33.12 ± 1.62 to 89.32 ± 8.52 (P-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Zamzam water could be introduced as a part of the management of dental erosion in the primary dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Adel Fathi
- Preventive Dentistry Department, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Alexandria A, Valença AMG, Cabral LM, Maia LC. Comparative Effects of CPP-ACP and Xylitol F-Varnishes on the Reduction of Tooth Erosion and Its Progression. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:664-672. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Evaluated the effect of CPP-ACP/NaF and xylitol/NaF varnishes in reduce erosion and progression of erosion. Forty enamel blocks were divided into four groups (n=10): G1=CPP-ACP/NaF varnish (MI varnishTM); G2=xylitol/NaF varnish (Profluorid®); G3=NaF varnish (Duraphat®, positive control) and G4=deionized water (MilliQ®, negative control). Samples were immersed in Sprite ZeroTM (pH 2.58, 4x/day, 3 days), in between immersions, the specimens stayed in artificial saliva. After 3 days of erosion, the eroded area was divided in two (half of one received an additional varnish layer while the other half repeated the same 3-day erosion cycle). The 3D, non-contact profilometry technique was used to determinate tooth structure loss (TSL) and surface roughness (SR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D images were utilized to evaluate the topography of the samples. Mann-Whitney, one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used (significance level of 0.05%). SEM and 3D images were descriptively evaluated. After 3 or 6 days of erosion, all tested varnishes were better than G4 (p<0.05) for TSL and SR. In addition, G1 had lower values for TSL than G3 (p<0.05) after 3 days of erosion. Under SEM and 3D images observation, all groups presented porosity, irregularities and depressions on the surface enamel after 3 and 6 days of erosion, more pronounced in G4. An application of topical NaF varnishes was effective in reducing TSL and enamel roughness after erosion challenges, being the CCP-ACP/NaF varnish more effective than NaF varnish and water after 3 days of erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adílis Alexandria
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Canto FMT, Alexandria AK, Justino IBDS, Rocha GM, Cabral LM, Ferreira RDS, Pithon MM, Maia LC. The use of a new calcium mesoporous silica nanoparticle versus calcium and/or fluoride products in reducing the progression of dental erosion. J Appl Oral Sci 2020; 28:e20200131. [PMID: 32725049 PMCID: PMC7384487 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There is increasingly common the consumption more times a day of foods and acidic drinks in the diet of the population. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of a calcium mesoporous silica nanoparticle single application of other calcium and/or fluoride products in reducing the progression of dental erosion. Methodology Half of the eroded area was covered of 60 blocks of enamel, after which the block was submitted to the following treatments: (Ca2+-MSN), casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP); CPP-ACP/F-(900 ppm F−); titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 1%) (positive control); sodium fluoride (NaF 1.36%) (positive control); and Milli-Q® water (negative control) before being submitted to a second erosive challenge. A surface analysis was performed via a three-dimensional (3D) noncontact optical profilometry to assess the volumetric roughness (Sa) and tooth structure loss (TSL) and and through scanning electron microscopy (MEV). An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test were performed. Results Regarding Sa, all experimental groups exhibited less roughness than the control (p<0.05). The TSL analysis revealed that the Ca2+-MSN and NaF groups were similar (p>0.05) and more effective in minimizing tooth loss compared with the other groups (p<0.05). Conclusions The Ca2+-MSN and NaF treatments were superior compared with the others and the negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adílis Kalina Alexandria
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Isabela B Dos Santos Justino
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Miranda Rocha
- Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lúcio Mendes Cabral
- Departamento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Raphael da Silva Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Departamento de Odontopediatria e Ortodontia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Canto FMT, Alexandria AK, Vieira TI, Justino IBDS, Cabral LM, Silva RFD, Maia LC. Comparative Effect of Calcium Mesoporous Silica Versus Calcium and/or Fluoride Products Against Dental Erosion. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:164-170. [PMID: 32556016 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202002557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single application of a new calcium mesoporous silica nanoparticle (Ca2+-MSN) versus other calcium and/or fluoride products against dental erosion. Enamel blocks were half-covered and assigned to six groups (n = 10): Ca2+-MSNs; casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate mousse (CPP-ACP); CPP-ACP/F- (900 ppm F-); titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 1%); sodium fluoride (NaF 1.36%); and Milli-Q® water (negative control). A single application for each product was completed on the exposed areas of the blocks and were submitted to an erosive challenge. Differences in volumetric roughness (Sa), and tooth structure loss (TSL) by use of three-dimensional noncontact optical profilometry were evaluate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed. Analysis of variance and Tukey's test for Sa and the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (p< 0.05) for TSL, respectively. Results: When evaluating Sa, all products presented differences in roughness when compared with the control group (p< 0.05) but not with each other (p > 0.05). However, when analyzing the TSL, it was observed that Ca2+-MSNs, TiF4, and NaF were more effective in preventing dental erosion versus CPP-ACP, CPP-ACP/F-, and Milli-Q® water (p< 0.05). In the SEM images, the negative control presented the worst loss of dental structure, with more porous enamel. Ca2+-MSNs were as effective as TiF4 and NaF to reduce the tooth structure loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Michel Tavares Canto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adílis Kalina Alexandria
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Isidro Vieira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcio Mendes Cabral
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmacy, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raphael Ferreira da Silva
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmacy, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Effect of TiF4 varnish on microbiological changes and caries prevention: in situ and in vivo models. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2583-2591. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oliveira MRC, Oliveira PHC, Oliveira LHC, Horliana ACRT, César PF, Moura SK, Bussadori SK. Microhardness of bovine enamel after different fluoride application protocols. Dent Mater J 2018; 38:61-67. [PMID: 30298859 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2017-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate microhardness, mineral recovery and the enamel surface after the application of topical fluoride to artificial dental caries. Twenty-five bovine enamel blocks were prepared for artificial caries-like lesions and randomly divided into five groups (n=5): untreated (C control), 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APG), 2% neutral fluoride gel (NFG), 1.23% acidulated fluoride mousse (AFM) and fluoride varnish (5% Duraphat, DFV). Knoop microhardness (KHN) was evaluated after 7 and 14 days of treatment as well as 1 week after 28 days of treatment. Electron and confocal microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were performed. KHN data were treated with two-way ANOVA (material×time) and Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. Differences were found among groups over time (p<0.001). Microhardness varied after 7 and 14 days of treatment and remained stable 1 week after 28 days of treatment. Mineral recovery and enamel topography varied among groups, with the fluoride varnish achieving the most uniform topography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Francisco César
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Odondologia
| | - Sandra Kiss Moura
- Department of Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho
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Alexandria AK, Nassur C, Nóbrega CBC, Valença AMG, Rosalen PL, Maia LC. In situ effect of titanium tetrafluoride varnish on enamel demineralization. Braz Oral Res 2017; 31:e86. [PMID: 29116298 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a 4% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF 4 ) varnish on enamel demineralization was evaluated. Twelve volunteers participated in this double-blind, randomized crossover study. Six enamel specimens were positioned in intraoral appliances throughout four treatment stages: 4% TiF 4 varnish (experimental varnish), 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish (Duraphat ® ), placebo varnish, and negative control (deionized water). After 24 h, the varnishes were removed and plaques were allowed to accumulate. A 20% sucrose solution was dripped onto enamel blocks (10x/day). Enamel alterations were analyzed by surface microhardness (SMH), percentage of surface loss (%SML), cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Student's paired t-test was used for SMH analysis and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for %SML and CSMH (∆Z) analyses (p-value=0.05). The TiF 4 varnish group had lower %SML than the placebo and control groups (p=0.044 and p=0.003, respectively), thus showing its capacity to inhibit surface demineralization. TiF 4 and NaF varnishes demonstrated a protective effect against mineral loss on the enamel subsurface. Both were statistically different from the control group when CSMH was analyzed (p=0.000). A titanium dioxide film was observed on enamel surfaces of the TiF 4 group SEM images. EDS confirmed the presence of titanium in all TiF 4 samples. The 4% TiF 4 varnish is a promising compound capable of reacting with enamel to protect it against surface and subsurface demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adílis Kalina Alexandria
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Nassur
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Gondim Valença
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, Dental School, Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Rosalen
- Universidade de Campinas - Unicamp, Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Pharmacology, Anesthesiology, and Therapeutics, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Dental School, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Alexandria AK, Valença AMG, Cabral LM, Maia LC. Fluoride Varnishes against Dental Erosion Caused by Soft Drink Combined with Pediatric Liquid Medicine. Braz Dent J 2017; 28:482-488. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of NaF and CPP-ACP/NaF varnishes to reduce erosion produced by soft drink (SD) combined or not with pediatric liquid medicine. Enamel specimens were pre-treated with fluoride varnish, according to the following groups: NaF varnish (Duraphat®) or CPP-ACP/NaF varnish (MI varnishTM). Two types of erosive cycles were made: by soft drink erosion (SDE) or by pediatric liquid medicine plus soft drink erosion (PLM/SDE). Bovine enamel specimens were randomly assigned in six groups (n=10): G1=NaF + SDE; G2=CPP-ACP/NaF + SDE; G3=Distilled and deionized (DD) water + SDE; G4=NaF + PLM/SDE; G5=CPP-ACP/NaF + PLM/SDE and G6=DD water + PLM/SDE. Before treatments, the sample surface was divided in two areas (unexposed area-UA and exposed area-EA). The specimens were evaluated by 3D non-contact profilometry technique to determinate tooth structure loss (TSL) and surface roughness (Sa). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was also performed. After SDE, G2 presented the lowest TSL values compared to G3 (p=0.008). G1 and G2 did not differ between them (p=0.203) and no groups differed among them despite Sa. Regarding TSL and Sa, G4 and G5 differed from G6 (p=0.0001), but not between them (p=1.00). Examining 3D and SEM images, the greatest differences between UA and EA were observed for G3 and G6. CPP-ACP/NaF varnish seems to be a promising treatment to reduce enamel loss from the erosion produced by a soft drink. Both varnishes also showed capacity to reduce TSL and Sa after erosion by soft drink combined to pediatric liquid medicine.
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In vitro enamel erosion and abrasion-inhibiting effect of different fluoride varnishes. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 77:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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