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Aydın N, Süloğlu AK, İdil N, Öztürk S, Karaoğlanoğlu S. Examination of cytotoxic and antimicrobial effect of whitening toothpastes: an in vitro study. Acta Odontol Scand 2024; 83:327-333. [PMID: 38801222 DOI: 10.2340/aos.v83.40774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toothpastes are widely used to protect oral and teeth health. This study aims to examine the cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of whitening toothpastes. METHODS In this study, extracts were prepared according to ISO 10993-12:2021 standard (0.2 g/mL) using whitening and conventional toothpastes. The prepared extracts were added to human gingival fibroblast cell lines (HGF-1) in different dilutions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32) and a cytotoxicity test was performed. Antimicrobial analysis of toothpastes was performed on Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using the hole-plate diffusion method. Cell viability and microbial analysis data were examined using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Toothpastes with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in their composition showed statistically more toxic effects (p < 0.05). The activated carbon toothpastes without SLS showed over 90% cell viability after dilution. Although the dilution rate of toothpastes containing SLS increased, cell viability remained below 70%. All toothpastes used in the study showed antimicrobial effects on S. mutans, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Toothpaste containing hydrogen peroxide and SLS produced more antibacterial effects than activated carbon, blue covarine, microparticles, and conventional toothpaste. CONCLUSIONS SLS-containing toothpastes showed more toxicity on HGF-1 cells. Toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite did not show toxic effects on HGF-1 cells. SLS, sodium lauryl sarcosinate and hydrogen peroxide in toothpastes increase antimicrobial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Aydın
- Department of Restorative Dental Treatment, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aysun Kılıç Süloğlu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan İdil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selen Öztürk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. s
| | - Serpil Karaoğlanoğlu
- Department of Restorative Dental Treatment, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
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Sugai R, Kobayashi M, Niizuma Y, Mizukami H, Koyasu M, Shiba T, Kitahara N, Manabe A. Color stability of bleached tooth enamel brushed with different stain-removing toothpastes. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:484-493. [PMID: 37933985 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of four toothpastes on the color stability of in-office bleached tooth specimens were determined. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated an experimental toothpaste (EXP) and three commercially available toothpastes: Colgate Optic White (OPW), Aquafresh White & Protect (AWP), and Crest 3D White (CDW). OPW, AWP, and CDW contained inorganic abrasives, whereas EXP and AWP contained sodium polyphosphate. Forty-eight randomly selected human-extracted maxillary central incisors were bleached and brushed twice daily over 30 days. We analyzed the final color difference (ΔE*ab, ΔE00 , ΔWID ), arithmetic average surface roughness (Ra) of the enamel measured on days 0 and 30, and scanning electron microscopy images of enamel surfaces and toothpastes. ΔE*ab, ΔE00 , ΔWID , and Ra were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS ΔE*ab and ΔE00 values were significantly lower after toothbrushing with EXP, OPW, and CDW than with AWP. OPW induced the greatest positive ΔWID . Ra was significantly increased by OPW and CDW, but slightly increased by AWP, with cube-like particles, and EXP, with no particle-like structures. CONCLUSIONS Only EXP stabilized the color of bleached teeth without increasing the enamel surface roughness. Sodium polyphosphate with approximately 10 phosphate groups was effective at removing stains. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The effect of toothpaste on the color stability of bleached teeth depends on the constituting abrasives and chemical components. Polyphosphoric acid has different stain-removal effects depending on its degree of polymerization. Additionally, although certain types of abrasives may be effective for color stability, they also increase the surface roughness of the enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rintaro Sugai
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuiko Niizuma
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizukami
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Koyasu
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Shiba
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuya Kitahara
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Manabe
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Division of Aesthetic Dentistry and Clinical Cariology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Vladislavic NZ, Vladislavic J, Franic I, Tadin A. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of whitening toothpastes in buccal mucosal cells: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:6245-6259. [PMID: 37704916 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess genotoxic and cytotoxic effect of commercially available toothpastes with the different whitening ingredients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo assessment of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of whitening toothpastes with different ingredients using a buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt assay) comprised 199 participants randomly divided into ten groups based on used whitening or control/conventional toothpaste. The exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were collected, stained, and microscopically evaluated at baseline (T0), 30 days (T1), and 60 days (T2) after the beginning of treatment and 30 days after completing treatment (T3). Statistical evaluation was performed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA), Tukey's test, and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS The genotoxic parameters showed no biologically significant changes in any of the observed period for the tested toothpastes, while cytotoxic parameters (number of cells with karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) among evaluation periods for the three peroxide-containing toothpastes. CONCLUSIONS Peroxide-containing whitening toothpastes exhibit an increase in certain cytotoxic parameters only during the application period, which return to control values after the cessation of application. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Whitening toothpastes show no genotoxic effect, while peroxide-containing whitening toothpastes may present significant increase of cytotoxicity (measured by the number of karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) during the application period. However, these changes observed in clinical conditions cannot be considered significant. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04460755.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasen Vladislavic
- Department of Pulmonology, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Franic
- 5Th Gymnasium "Vladimir Nazor" Split, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Antonija Tadin
- Department of Restorative Dental Medicine and Endodontics, Study of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000, Split, Croatia
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, 21000, Split, Croatia
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Dayı B, Öcal F. Evaluation of the effects of whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite on surface roughness and color change in restorative materials. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15692. [PMID: 37465159 PMCID: PMC10351516 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of whitening toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite on the surfaces of restorative materials are not well known. This study evaluated the changes in surface roughness and color of coffee-stained restorative materials after brushing with nanohydroxyapatite and other whitening toothpastes. Methods Disc-shaped specimens were formed using microhybrid, nanohybrid, and supra-nano-filled composite (n = 30) and stained with a coffee solution. A brushing simulation was applied with toothpastes containing nanohydroxyapatite (Dentiste Plus White), perlite (Signal White System) and hydrogen peroxide (Colgate Optic White) for 7, 15, and 30 days. Color and surface roughness measurements were taken before and after brushing. Color change (∆E00) was calculated using the CIEDE2000 system. Results Supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, and nanohybrid composite-Signal White System were the groups with the greatest color change observed on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. The smallest color change was seen in the microhybrid composite-Signal White System, microhybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, and nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White groups on the 7th, 15th, and 30th days, respectively. No significant surface roughness changes were observed in the nanohybrid composite-Dentiste Plus White, supra-nano-filled composite-Colgate Optic White, supra-nano-filled composite-Dentiste Plus White, or supra-nano-filled composite-Signal White System groups. Conclusions Whitening toothpaste containing nanohydroxyapatite provided a high degree of color change in the short term and did not create significant surface roughness in nanohybrid or supra-nano-filled composites.
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Köroğlu A, Şahin O, Küçükekenci AS, Dede DÖ, Yıldırım H, Yilmaz B. Influences of Toothbrushing and Different Toothpastes on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Interim Prosthodontic Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15175831. [PMID: 36079211 PMCID: PMC9457516 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface properties and color stability of interim crown materials may vary depending on the toothbrushing procedure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of toothbrushing and different toothpastes on the surface roughness (Ra) and color stability of different interim crown materials. Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from four interim crown materials (Tab 2000 (ChPM), Imident (LaPM), Protemp 4 (ChDM), and Telio-CAD (CadPM)). Specimens were divided into four subgroups for the control group (Cnt) and for simulated toothbrushing with distilled water (Dw) or with two different toothpastes (whitening toothpaste (WTp), activated charcoal toothpaste (ACTp)). The specimens’ Ra values were measured before and after 10,000 cycles of toothbrushing. The color parameters were measured and the color differences (ΔE00) were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD tests. A significant increase in the Ra values was observed after toothbrushing, except for the LaPM_Dw, ChDM_Dw, and all the CadPM specimens (p < 0.05). Toothbrushing with toothpastes increased the ΔE00 values of all ChPM and ChDM interim materials (p < 0.05). Before and after all toothbrushing procedures, the CadPM specimens had smoother and ChPM specimens had rougher surfaces than the other interim materials. The two tested toothpastes had similar effects on the Ra of all interim materials. Non-perceivable color changes were seen only with the CadPM_Dw group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Köroğlu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67600, Turkey
| | - Onur Şahin
- Department of Prosthodontics, DCT Clinic, Antalya 07000, Turkey
| | | | - Doğu Ömür Dede
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu 52200, Turkey
| | - Hüsniye Yıldırım
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Nuh Naci Yazgan University, Kayseri 38100, Turkey
| | - Burak Yilmaz
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence:
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Celik N, Iscan Yapar M. Colour stability of stained composite resins after brushing with whitening toothpaste. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 19:413-420. [PMID: 34101339 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing with whitening toothpaste on the colour change of composite resins discoloured with coffee. METHODS Disc-shaped samples were prepared using one nano-hybrid (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic), one micro-hybrid (GC G-aenial Anterior) and one nano-ceramic composite (Zenit) (n = 6). After initial colour measurements, the samples were coloured in the coffee solution for 5 days. Colour measurements were made again after the colouring process, and brushing simulation was applied for 7, 15 and 30 days with two different whitening toothpastes containing calcium carbonate+perlite (Signal whitening system, SWN) and hydrated silica+hydrogen peroxide (Colgate optic White, COW) and a conventional non-whitening toothpaste containing hydrated silica (Sensodyne pronamel, SPN). Colour change (∆E00 ) after brushing was calculated using the CIEDE2000 system. Repeated measures variance analysis was used for the analysis of data. RESULTS G-aenial anterior and Zenit showed significant coloration compared to Majesty esthetic after coloration with coffee (p < 0.05). The colour change in all composite resins was above the clinically acceptable limit (ΔE00 > 1.8). Colour change over time after brushing with both whitening toothpastes differed significantly (p < 0.05). SWN and COW exhibited a significantly higher whitening effect than SPN (p < 0.05). While there was no significant difference in composite groups brushed with the SWS (p > 0.05), there was a significant difference between Majesty esthetic, G-aenial anterior and Zenit in groups brushed with COW (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Colour change was high in micro-hybrid and nano-ceramic composites which were discoloured in coffee. The whitening toothpastes were effective in reducing the coloration caused by coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Celik
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Merve Iscan Yapar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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