Voz do professor: análise das leis brasileiras na perspectiva da promoção da saúde

Distúrbio de Voz Relacionado ao Trabalho: atividades desenvolvidas por fonoaudiólogos em Centros de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (CEREST)

Resumo Introdução: a publicação do Protocolo de Distúrbio de Voz Relacionado ao Trabalho (DVRT) reforçou o papel dos Centros de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (CEREST) na atenção a esse agravo. Objetivo: descrever as atividades desenvolvidas por fonoaudiólogos nos CEREST, de acordo com assistência prestada e fatores associados aos distúrbios vocais. Métodos: estudo descritivo com dados fornecidos por coordenadores dos CEREST em todo o Brasil, que foram contatados via e-mail para responder questionário semiestruturado, desenvolvido com ferramenta de formulários online. Os dados foram coletados de abril de 2017 a fevereiro de 2018. Resultados: dos 195 coordenadores contatados, 93 (44,2%) responderam ao questionário. Desses, 39 informaram contar com fonoaudiólogos nos CEREST. Em 26 CEREST, havia atuação da fonoaudiologia em distúrbios de voz, com ações que incluíam palestras, orientações e visitas aos locais de trabalho. Os profissionais da voz mais frequentemente atendidos foram docentes (n=24), teleoperadores (n=16) e radialistas (n=15). Entre os fatores identificados na ocorrência de distúrbios de voz, predominaram os relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho (n=24). Conclusão: em menos da metade dos CEREST foi relatada a presença de fonoaudiólogos. Comparado com levantamento anterior, percebe-se uma maior participação do fonoaudiólogo nos CEREST, especialmente no que se refere à atuação junto ao DVRT.

Panorama de tres países latinoamericanos en problemas de voz relacionados con condiciones de trabajo

PURPOSE

To identify the normative framework on work-related voice disorders in three Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile and Colombia.

METHODS

Documentary research focused on regulations and statistics occupational voice in the three included countries.

RESULTS

In the three countries included there are normatives that regulate the relationship between work and vocal health.

CONCLUSION

Although previous research has reported the negative effect of adverse working conditions on vocal functioning, it is common for workers with vocal problems to continue working in these environments, which reduces their quality of life and increases associated costs. This study shows that there are limitations in the implementation of the regulations. Weaknesses detected in this study could benefit from multicenter investigations that strengthen speech therapy actions in prevention, promotion, diagnosis and rehabilitation.

Teachers' work and health in Brazil: thoughts on the history of research, strides, and challenges

This Essay discusses the theme of teachers' work and health in Brazil. The objectives are to describe the initial history of research on teachers' health, discuss elements leading to a consensus on the characterization of the group's work and principal health problems, and systematize the main strides and challenges. The Essay draws on more than two decades of research and practice in this field. Based on this experience, the authors identify the movements, the accumulated evidence, and prospects for future development. The elements brought to the discussion point to substantial growth in the field: the number of studies, the diversity and scope of topics, the groups of men and women teachers studied, and the experiences with application of the knowledge (programs and interventions). Despite these strides, the studies and practices still emphasize the individual and the disease, with little or no attention to work factors (work process and management) in the health/disease process. Issues pertaining to gender differences (in work and in health status) also remain invisible. There is little linkage between researchers and teachers' movements (a relevant characteristic of the first initiatives in the field). There are no public policies to regulate the workplace and work management. The contributions to the discussion provide insight for thought to assist the identification of critical nodes and analytical scenarios with the potential for progress in this field of research and intervention.

Em busca do reconhecimento do distúrbio de voz como doença relacionada ao trabalho: movimento histórico-político

Resumo A elevada prevalência de alteração vocal no exercício do trabalho sinaliza um adoecimento coletivo, determinado pelo desgaste da voz sob precárias condições ocupacionais. Este artigo descreve a construção, no Brasil, do movimento histórico-político em busca do reconhecimento do distúrbio de voz como doença relacionada ao trabalho (DVRT). Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, com relato dos processos históricos, incluindo os sujeitos sociais, a produção de conhecimento, os fatos que marcaram a trajetória do movimento e as proposições de uma agenda estratégica, tendo em vista a urgência da inclusão do DVRT na lista de doenças relacionadas ao trabalho do Ministério da Saúde. Foram adotados três eixos de análise: a) técnico-científico, sobre os avanços na caracterização do distúrbio de voz e do nexo com o trabalho; b) jurídico-institucional, relativo às formas institucionais de reconhecimento jurídico deste nexo; e c) político-profissional, no qual se discute a articulação dos atores sociais na defesa do reconhecimento do DVRT. Durante quase duas décadas destacam-se o importante papel da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo no fomento às discussões e as principais dificuldades para o reconhecimento formal do DVRT.

The Effects of Amplification on Vocal Dose in Teachers with Dysphonia

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to determine if voice amplification influenced vocal dose in female teachers with dysphonia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This was an experimental study with comparative intrasubjects in which 15 individuals were compared in two different moments: condition 1 (C1) without voice amplification and condition 2 (C2) with voice amplification. All of them were female, kindergarten and elementary school teachers who presented organic or functional dysphonia. The search was carried out at the school where the teachers work. The professional voice use was considered the teachers' activity for a continuous period of two classes (average recording time of 96 minutes, with no difference in time between C1 and C2). To measure the dose we used the vocal dosimeter composed of a microphone, an accelerometer fixed to the neck, and a portable unit that stores the vocal data. The phonation data (intensity, fundamental frequency, phonation percentage, cycle dose, and distance dose) were analyzed by the equipment software (VoxLog).

RESULTS

The use of vocal amplification in teachers promotes a reduction of the fundamental frequency (295.6-267.7 Hz), the voice intensity (96.2-93.3 dB sound pressure level), the cycle doses (489.4-345.2 thousand cycles per second), and distance doses (3,800-2,300 m).

CONCLUSION

The vocal amplification allows the teacher to maintain the same phonation time (phonation percentage) but decreases the number of vocal fold oscillations (cycle dose) and the total distance traveled by the vocal fold tissue during phonation (distance dose), reducing the exposure of the vocal folds to voice trauma.

Voice Campaigns in Brazil: Effective Practices in Health Education

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to identify the health education practices used during Voice Campaigns in Brazil between 2005 and 2013.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a descriptive retrospective research study.

METHODS

We analyzed materials from 28 Voice Campaigns carried out between 2005 and 2013. The document analysis technique was used, and the campaigns were categorized as dialogic and unidirectional. The SPSS version 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

The southeast region of the country had the highest number of campaigns; however, there were more institutions involved in the south region. A total of 19 different strategies were used, involving nearly 10 million participants in total. There were 2.8-fold more unidirectional campaigns than dialogic campaigns. The trend analysis showed a significant increase in the number of campaigns over the years (average increase of 1.58 dialog campaigns/year and 4.13 unidirectional campaigns/year).

CONCLUSIONS

The activities in the Voice Campaign, associated with dialog, followed the precepts of health education; however, these campaigns must be systematized according to the needs of the population to develop strong and efficient strategies.