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Presa LS, Copatti CE, Pinto DSB, Monserrat JM, Garcia L. Can photoperiod improve growth performance and antioxidant responses of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) reared in recirculation aquaculture systems? J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01574-0. [PMID: 38958740 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigated the best photoperiod for culturing pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) based on its growth performance and hematological and oxidative stress responses. Juveniles (∼ 5 g) were subjected to five treatments (in triplicate): 24 L (light):0D (dark), 15 L: 09D, 12 L:12D, 9 L:15D, and 0 L:24D for 45 days. A total of 225 pacu individuals were randomly distributed among 15 tanks of 210 L (n = 15 per tank). Zootechnical, hematological (glucose, lactate, hematocrit, and hemoglobin), and antioxidant and oxidative stress parameters (glutathione S-transferase (GST), total antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analyzed. The zootechnical parameters (e.g., weight gain, Fulton's condition factor, and specific growth rate) were better and worse with 9 L:15D and 24 L:0D photoperiods, respectively. The hepatosomatic index was higher and lower in the 0 L:24D and 9 L:15D photoperiods. Blood lactate levels and antioxidant and oxidative stress responses were increased in the longest photoperiods (15 L:9D and 24 L:0D). In contrast, the treatments that showed lower oxidative damage (liver, gills, brain, and muscle) were 9 L:15D and 12 L:12D. In conclusion, manipulating artificial light is one way to improve fish growth and health, where the best photoperiod for pacu farming in RAS is 9 L:15D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Soares Presa
- Laboratório de Aquacultura Continental, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, 96203-900, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sá Britto Pinto
- Laboratório de Aquacultura Continental, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, 96203-900, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José Maria Monserrat
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Funcional de Organismos Aquáticos (BIFOA), Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Garcia
- Laboratório de Aquacultura Continental, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, 96203-900, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Aquicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia (IO), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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Moreira AP, Oliveira FC, Ferreira AL, de Almeida PR, Costa DC, Cardoso CAL, Chaves FCM, Chagas EC, de Campos CM. Efficacy of essential oil from ginger (Zingiber officinale) for anesthesia and transport sedation of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:865-880. [PMID: 38630162 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the anesthetic and sedative effects of the essential oil of Zingiber officinale (EOZO) on juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Experiment 1 evaluated concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1 EOZO for times of induction and recovery from anesthesia. Furthermore, hematological responses and residual components of EOZO in plasma were determined immediately after anesthesia. Experiment 2 evaluated the effect of 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1 EOZO on water quality, blood variables and residual components of EOZO in plasma and tissues (muscle and liver) immediately after 2 h of transport. Survival was 100%. The three main compounds of EOZO [zingiberene (32.27%), β-sesquiphellandrene (18.42%) and β-bisabolene (13.93%)] were observed in animal plasma and tissues (muscle and liver) after anesthesia and transport, demonstrating a direct linear effect among the evaluated concentrations. The concentration of 200 mg L-1 EOZO promoted surgical anesthesia of pacu and prevented an increase in monocyte and neutrophil levels, yet did not alter other hematological parameters. The use of 30 mg L-1 EOZO has a sedative effect on juvenile pacu, thereby reducing oxygen consumption during transport. Furthermore, the use of 30 mg L-1 EOZO in transport water prevented an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, with minimal influences on other blood variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuzhia Paiva Moreira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil
| | - Fúlvia Cristina Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Avenida Senador Muller, 2443, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Andre Lima Ferreira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil.
| | - Patrini Rodrigues de Almeida
- Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil
| | - Deliane Cristina Costa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil
- Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil
| | - Claudia Andrea Lima Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Dourados Itahum Km 12, Caixa Postal 351, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | | | - Edsandra Campos Chagas
- Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Rodovia AM 010 Km 29 Estrada Manaus, Manaus, AM, 69010-970, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Animal e Recursos Pesqueiros, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Avenida General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 1200 - Coroado I, Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Meldau de Campos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Avenida Senador Muller, 2443, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
- Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Rodovia Graziela Maciel de Barros, Km 12, Zona Rural, Aquidauana, MS, 79200-000, Brazil
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Rigas D, Grivas N, Nelli A, Gouva E, Skoufos I, Kormas K, Tzora A, Lagkouvardos I. Persistent Dysbiosis, Parasite Rise and Growth Impairment in Aquacultured European Seabass after Oxytetracycline Treatment. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2302. [PMID: 37764146 PMCID: PMC10534334 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of antibiotics in open-water aquaculture is often unavoidable when faced with pathogens with high mortality rates. In addition, seasonal pathogen surges have become more common and more intense over the years. Apart from the apparent cost of antibiotic treatment, it has been observed that, in aquaculture practice, the surviving fish often display measurable growth impairment. To understand the role of gut microbiota on the observed growth impairment, in this study, we follow the incidence of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in a seabass commercial open-water aquaculture setting in Galaxidi (Greece). Fish around 10 months of age were fed with feed containing oxytetracycline (120 mg/kg/day) for twelve days, followed by a twelve-day withdrawal period, and another eighteen days of treatment. The fish were sampled 19 days before the start of the first treatment and one month after the end of the second treatment cycle. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was used to measure changes in the gut microbiome. Overall, the gut microbiota community, even a month after treatment, was highly dysbiotic and characterized by very low alpha diversity. High abundances of alkalophilic bacteria in the post-antibiotic-treated fish indicated a rise in pH that was coupled with a significant increase in gut parasites. This study's results indicate that oxytetracycline (OTC) treatment causes persistent dysbiosis even one month after withdrawal and provides a more suitable environment for an increase in parasites. These findings highlight the need for interventions to restore a healthy and protective gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikos Grivas
- Galaxidi Marine Farm S.A., 33200 Galaxidi, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nelli
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Evangelia Gouva
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Ioannis Skoufos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
- Agricultural Development Institute, University Research and Innovation Centre "IASON", Argonafton & Filellinon, 38221 Volos, Greece
| | - Athina Tzora
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47100 Arta, Greece
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
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Paylar B, Längkvist M, Jass J, Olsson PE. Utilization of Computer Classification Methods for Exposure Prediction and Gene Selection in Daphnia magna Toxicogenomics. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050692. [PMID: 37237504 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element that influences many cellular functions. Depending on bioavailability, Zn can cause both deficiency and toxicity. Zn bioavailability is influenced by water hardness. Therefore, water quality analysis for health-risk assessment should consider both Zn concentration and water hardness. However, exposure media selection for traditional toxicology tests are set to defined hardness levels and do not represent the diverse water chemistry compositions observed in nature. Moreover, these tests commonly use whole organism endpoints, such as survival and reproduction, which require high numbers of test animals and are labor intensive. Gene expression stands out as a promising alternative to provide insight into molecular events that can be used for risk assessment. In this work, we apply machine learning techniques to classify the Zn concentrations and water hardness from Daphnia magna gene expression by using quantitative PCR. A method for gene ranking was explored using techniques from game theory, namely, Shapley values. The results show that standard machine learning classifiers can classify both Zn concentration and water hardness simultaneously, and that Shapley values are a versatile and useful alternative for gene ranking that can provide insight about the importance of individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Paylar
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Martin Längkvist
- Center for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Per-Erik Olsson
- The Life Science Center-Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Carneiro MDD, García-Mesa S, Sampaio LA, Planas M. Implications of Salinity and Acidic Environments on Fitness and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Early Developing Seahorses Hippocampus reidi. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223227. [PMID: 36428453 PMCID: PMC9686857 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Water acidification affects aquatic species, both in natural environmental conditions and in ex situ rearing production systems. The chronic effects of acidic conditions (pH 6.5 vs. pH 8.0) in seahorses (Hippocampus spp.) are not well known, especially when coupled with salinity interaction. This study investigated the implications of pH on the growth and oxidative stress in the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg, 1933), one of the most important seahorse species in the ornamental trade. Two trials were carried out in juveniles (0-21 and 21-50 DAR-days after the male's pouch release) reared under acid (6.5) and control (8.0) pH, both in brackish water (BW-salinity 11) and seawater (SW-salinity 33). In the first trial (0-21 DAR), there was no effect of pH on the growth of seahorses reared in SW, but the survival rate was higher for juveniles raised in SW at pH 6.5. However, the growth and survival of juveniles reared in BW were impaired at pH 6.5. Compared to SW conditions, the levels of superoxide dismutase and DT-diaphorase, as well as the oxidative stress index, increased for juveniles reared in BW. In the second trial, seahorse juveniles were reared in SW at pH 8.0, and subsequently kept for four weeks (from 21 to 50 DAR) at pH 6.5 and 8.0. The final survival rates and condition index were similar in both treatments. However, the growth under acidic conditions was higher than at pH 8.0. In conclusion, this study highlights that survival, growth, and oxidative status condition was enhanced in seahorse juveniles reared in SW under acidic conditions (pH = 6.5). The concurrent conditions of acidic pH (6.5) and BW should be avoided due to harmful effects on the fitness and development of seahorse juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario D. D. Carneiro
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Institute of Marine Research (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande–FURG, Rio Grande 96210-030, Brazil
- Correspondence: (M.D.D.C.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-986214457 (M.P.)
| | - Sergio García-Mesa
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Campus Universitario de Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis A. Sampaio
- Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande–FURG, Rio Grande 96210-030, Brazil
| | - Miquel Planas
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Institute of Marine Research (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.D.D.C.); (M.P.); Tel.: +34-986214457 (M.P.)
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Rangasamy B, Malafaia G, Maheswaran R. Evaluation of antioxidant response and Na +-K +-ATPase activity in zebrafish exposed to polyethylene microplastics: Shedding light on a physiological adaptation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127789. [PMID: 34801306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicity of microplastics has already been demonstrated in different animal models, our knowledge about the response of freshwater fish to this pollutant is still limited. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of exposure of zebrafish adults (Danio rerio) to environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) (5 and 50 µg/L) and at different times of exposure (10 and 20 days). Initially, scanning electron microscope image illustrated size and format of the particle and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of PE-MPs in the gastrointestinal tract of fish (at both concentrations tested). Subsequently, an alteration of oxidative and antioxidant responses was evaluated in the liver and brain. The results showed that catalase (CAT) activity, in liver, was significantly decreased, as was glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) activity (on the 10th experimental day). However, after 20 days of exposure, we observed a concentration-dependent increase in GST activity in liver of the animals exposed to PE-MPs. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was significantly increased by exposure to MPs, especially in the brain, after 20 days of exposure. The increase in Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the animals' gills was correlated with the increased production of malondialdehyde (MDA), which suggests the existence of a compensatory mechanism in which the high activity of this enzyme would be necessary to regulate the loss of ions caused by the increase in the processes of LPO, which has never been previously demonstrated. Thus, our study sheds light on a new physiological adaptation to deal with the oxidative effects of PE-MPs, in addition to supporting the future use of the assessment of Na+/K+-ATPase activity as a biomarker of the toxicity of these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636 011, India
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil. Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Graduate Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Conservation, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rajan Maheswaran
- Entomology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636 011, India.
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Carneiro MDD, Maltez LC, Rodrigues RV, Planas M, Sampaio LA. Does acidification lead to impairments on oxidative status and survival of orange clownfish Amphiprion percula juveniles? FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:841-848. [PMID: 33733307 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nitrification process in recirculating aquaculture systems can reduce water pH. Fish can also be exposed to water acidification during transport, an important feature in the aquarium industry, as live fish can be kept in a closed environment for more than 24 h during overseas aerial transportation. Therefore, it is important to study the responses of fish to acidic environments. We investigated the impacts of acute exposure to decreasing pH levels in orange clownfish Amphiprion percula juveniles on their survival and oxidative stress status. Fish were exposed to pH 5, 6, 7, and 8 for 96 h. We observed a significant reduction in survival (85%) and protein damage as measured by P-SH (protein thiol) for fish maintained at pH 5. Despite no effects on survival or oxidative damage, fish exposed to pH 6 showed an increase in their antioxidant defense systems, demonstrating this pH level could not be suitable for them as well. Furthermore, there were no negative effects for fish kept at pH 7, compared to those maintained at pH 8 during this short-term evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Davi Dias Carneiro
- Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
| | - Lucas Campos Maltez
- Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vieira Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Miquel Planas
- Department of Ecology and Marine Resources, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - Luís André Sampaio
- Laboratório de Piscicultura Estuarina e Marinha, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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Limbaugh N, Romano N, Egnew N, Shrivastava J, Bishop WM, Sinha AK. Coping strategies in response to different levels of elevated water hardness in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Insight into ion-regulatory and histopathological modulations. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 260:111040. [PMID: 34298192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Water hardness above the optimal level can incite toxic effects in fish, which are often species specific. Hence, we aimed at obtaining insights on the potential effects of elevated water hardness as well as coping strategies in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). First, a toxicity assay was performed where the 96 h-LC50 was calculated as 4939 mg/L CaCO3. Thereafter, to gain knowledge on the underlying adaptive strategies to high water hardness, fish were exposed to seven hardness levels (150, 600, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg/L CaCO3 at pH 8.15) for 15 days. Results showed that branchial activities of Ca2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase, which facilitate Ca2+ uptake, reduced starting respectively from 1000 mg/L and 1500 mg/L CaCO3. Nevertheless, Ca2+ burden in plasma and tissue (gills, liver and intestine) remained elevated. Hardness exposure also disturbed cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+) and minerals (iron and phosphorus) homeostasis in a tissue-specific and dose-dependent manner. Both hemoglobin content and hematocrit dropped significantly at 3000-4000 mg/L CaCO3, with a parallel decline in iron content in plasma and gills. Muscle water content rose dramatically at 4000 mg/L CaCO3, indicating an osmo-regulation disruption. Higher hardness of 3000-4000 mg/L CaCO3 also incited a series of histopathological modifications in gills, liver and intestine; most likely due to excess Ca2+ accumulation. Overall, these data suggest that channel catfish can adapt to a wide range of elevated hardness by modulating Ca2+ regulatory pathways and histomorphological alterations, however, 1500 mg/L CaCO3 and above can impair the performance of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Limbaugh
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff 71601, AR, USA
| | - Nicholas Romano
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff 71601, AR, USA
| | - Nathan Egnew
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff 71601, AR, USA; Genetics and Physiology Laboratory, USDA-ARS Honey Bee Breeding, Baton Rogue, LA 70820, USA
| | - Jyotsna Shrivastava
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff 71601, AR, USA
| | - West M Bishop
- SePRO Research and Technology Campus, 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd., Whitakers, NC 27891, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Sinha
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, 1200 North University Drive, Pine Bluff 71601, AR, USA.
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