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Makaremi M, Vafaei Sadr A, Marcy B, Chraibi Kaadoud I, Mohammad-Djafari A, Sadoun S, De Brondeau F, N'kaoua B. An interpretable machine learning approach to study the relationship beetwen retrognathia and skull anatomy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18130. [PMID: 37875537 PMCID: PMC10597995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mandibular retrognathia (C2Rm) is one of the most common oral pathologies. Acquiring a better understanding of the points of impact of C2Rm on the entire skull is of major interest in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of this dysmorphism, but also permits us to contribute to the debate on the changes undergone by the shape of the skull during human evolution. However, conventional methods have some limits in meeting these challenges, insofar as they require defining in advance the structures to be studied, and identifying them using landmarks. In this context, our work aims to answer these questions using AI tools and, in particular, machine learning, with the objective of relaying these treatments automatically. We propose an innovative methodology coupling convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and interpretability algorithms. Applied to a set of radiographs classified into physiological versus pathological categories, our methodology made it possible to: discuss the structures impacted by retrognathia and already identified in literature; identify new structures of potential interest in medical terms; highlight the dynamic evolution of impacted structures according to the level of gravity of C2Rm; provide for insights into the evolution of human anatomy. Results were discussed in terms of the major interest of this approach in the field of orthodontics and, more generally, in the field of automated processing of medical images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masrour Makaremi
- Dentofacial Orthopedics Department (UFR de Sciences Odontologiques), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
- Bordeaux Population Health (Team ACTIVE), INSERM U1219, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.
| | - Alireza Vafaei Sadr
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
- Theoretical Physics Department, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Salomé Sadoun
- Dentofacial Orthopedics Department (UFR de Sciences Odontologiques), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François De Brondeau
- Dentofacial Orthopedics Department (UFR de Sciences Odontologiques), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard N'kaoua
- Bordeaux Population Health (Team ACTIVE), INSERM U1219, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
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Gerasco JE, Hathaway‐Schrader JD, Poulides NA, Carson MD, Okhura N, Westwater C, Hatch NE, Novince CM. Commensal Microbiota Effects on Craniofacial Skeletal Growth and Morphology. JBMR Plus 2023; 7:e10775. [PMID: 37614301 PMCID: PMC10443078 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize anatomical sites in health to form commensal microbial communities (e.g., commensal gut microbiota, commensal skin microbiota, commensal oral microbiota). Commensal microbiota has indirect effects on host growth and maturation through interactions with the host immune system. The commensal microbiota was recently introduced as a novel regulator of skeletal growth and morphology at noncraniofacial sites. Further, we and others have shown that commensal gut microbes, such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), contribute to noncraniofacial skeletal growth and maturation. However, commensal microbiota effects on craniofacial skeletal growth and morphology are unclear. To determine the commensal microbiota's role in craniofacial skeletal growth and morphology, we performed craniometric and bone mineral density analyses on skulls from 9-week-old female C57BL/6T germ-free (GF) mice (no microbes), excluded-flora (EF) specific-pathogen-free mice (commensal microbiota), and murine-pathogen-free (MPF) specific-pathogen-free mice (commensal microbiota with SFB). Investigations comparing EF and GF mice revealed that commensal microbiota impacted the size and shape of the craniofacial skeleton. EF versus GF mice exhibited an elongated gross skull length. Cranial bone length analyses normalized to skull length showed that EF versus GF mice had enhanced frontal bone length and reduced cranial base length. The shortened cranial base in EF mice was attributed to decreased presphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital bone lengths. Investigations comparing MPF mice and EF mice demonstrated that commensal gut microbes played a role in craniofacial skeletal morphology. Cranial bone length analyses normalized to skull length showed that MPF versus EF mice had reduced frontal bone length and increased cranial base length. The elongated cranial base in MPF mice was due to enhanced presphenoid bone length. This work, which introduces the commensal microbiota as a contributor to craniofacial skeletal growth, underscores that noninvasive interventions in the gut microbiome could potentially be employed to modify craniofacial skeletal morphology. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E. Gerasco
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Orthodontics, Adam's School of DentistryUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jessica D. Hathaway‐Schrader
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Nicole A. Poulides
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Matthew D. Carson
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Naoto Okhura
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Caroline Westwater
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of DentistryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Chad M. Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Stomatology‐Division of Periodontics, College of Dental MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
- Department of Pediatrics‐Division of Endocrinology, College of MedicineMedical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
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Krishnaswamy N, Jnaneshwar P, Kannan R. Evaluation and comparison of planum clival angle in three malocclusion groups : A CBCT study. J Orofac Orthop 2023:10.1007/s00056-023-00450-w. [PMID: 36828993 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-023-00450-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cranial base flexure is an overlooked topic in craniofacial research. The aim of this retrospective observational study was to compare a new parameter, the planum clival angle (PCA), which represents cranial base flexure, in skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusions using cone beam computed tomographic images (CBCT) and correlate PCA with the stages of the fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 125 CBCTs were divided into two groups based on chronological age (19-25 years and 12-18 years). The CBCT images from 57 subjects (19-25 years old) were categorized into three groups based on their skeletal malocclusion for measuring PCA and cranial base angles (CBA). In the second group, comprising 68 CBCT data sets of individuals in the age group of 12-18 years, the PCA angle was correlated with stages of fusion of the SOS. Data were statistically analyzed using independent samples t test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA, intergroup), Pearson correlation, and χ2 test. RESULTS There was a statistically significant linear correlation (P < 0.001) between the two parameters PCA and CBA but no significant difference was found in PCAs between the three groups. One-way ANOVA to compare the PCA values in the three stages of fusion of the SOS revealed a highly significant relationship in male subjects (p < 0.001), thereby, suggesting that as fusion progresses, the planum clival angle increases. The χ2 test to compare the planum clival angle in males and females revealed that SOS fusion occurred earlier in females. CONCLUSION There is a constant dynamic change in the value of the parameter PCA that progresses until completion of SOS fusion. The SOS fuses earlier in females. Assessment of the stage of fusion of the SOS can be used in deciding whether growth modification of the craniofacial complex is still possible during orthodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Krishnaswamy
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Ravi Kannan
- Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College, Ramapuram, Chennai, India
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Occlusal characteristics and oral health-related quality of life in adults operated due to sagittal synostosis in childhood: a case-control study with 26 years of follow-up. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:1277-1282. [PMID: 36752911 PMCID: PMC10167105 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this case-control study was to investigate occlusal characteristics, received orthodontic treatment, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and satisfaction with dental esthetics in adults operated due to sagittal synostosis. METHODS The study group consisted of 40 adults (25 males, 15 females, mean age 27.4 years, range 18-41) who were operated due to isolated sagittal synostosis in childhood. The control group comprised 40 age and gender-matched adults. Occlusal characteristics were evaluated clinically during study visits. Information on the previous orthodontic treatment was collected from dental records. OHRQoL was measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), and satisfaction with dental esthetics was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the patient group and the controls in malocclusion traits (overjet, overbite, molar relationships, crossbite, scissor bite), previous orthodontic treatment, pre-treatment malocclusion diagnoses, OHIP variables, or satisfaction with dental esthetics. However, there was a tendency toward increased overjet and overbite in scaphocephalic patients. CONCLUSION It seems that adults with scaphocephaly operated in childhood do not differ from the average population in terms of occlusion, received orthodontic treatment, or oral health-related well-being.
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Murugan C, Kailasam V. Cranial Base Angle in Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:39-54. [PMID: 34787478 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211053545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diverse findings have been reported for the cranial base angle (CBA) in patients with CLP (cleft lip and palate) and non-CLP controls. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess and evaluate the CBA in patients with CLP and non-CLP controls. Methods: Data from PubMed, OVID Technologies, Inc., Cochrane, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE for Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) with relevant terms was extracted until December 31, 2020. Inclusion criteria were data of patients with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP). In the case of UCLP and BCLP, patients with craniofacial syndromes were excluded. The study proposal was registered with PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42021228632). Results: Fifteen studies with a total of 2032 participants were included for the systematic review and 14 studies with a total of 1972 participants were included for the meta-analysis. The risk of bias was assessed using the Modified Newcastle Ottawa scale under seven domains by two authors. Thirteen studies were graded as "good" and two as "satisfactory." The CBA in patients with CLP were greater than the non CLP Class I controls in six of the 15 studies. CBA was greater in patients with CLP than non-CLP controls by 1.21° (95% CI of 0.19-2.22). Meta-analysis reported considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 86%). Anterior (ACB) and posterior cranial base (PCB) lengths were shorter in patients with CLP than in the non-cleft Class I controls by 2.14 mm (95% CI of 0.99-3.30) and 2.06 mm (95% CI of 1.52-2.60), respectively. Conclusion: Most studies were graded as good. Patients with CLP had greater CBA and shorter ACB and PCB lengths when compared to non-CLP controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandnee Murugan
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Dental Sciences (SRIHER), Chennai, TN, India
| | - Vignesh Kailasam
- Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Dental Sciences (SRIHER), Chennai, TN, India
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Radwan ES, Maher A, Montasser MA. Comparative Evaluation of Twin Block Appliance and Fixed Orthodontic Appliance in Early Class II Malocclusion Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:1111-1121. [PMID: 37073934 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To compare skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes between Twin block and early fixed orthodontic appliance for class II division 1 malocclusion treatment through a randomized controlled trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample and randomization: This study was a randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio in which 40 patients were divided equally into two groups: control and experimental; each group had an equal number of boys and girls. Randomization was achieved using random blocks of 20 patients with allocation concealed in sequentially numbered, opaque, and sealed envelopes. Blinding was only applicable for data analysis of radiographic measurements. Intervention: Twin block appliance was used in the experimental group for 1 year. However, control group was treated with fixed appliance. Inclusion criteria: Skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular retrognathism; cephalometric angular measurements: SNA ≥ 82, SNB ≤ 78, ANB ≥ 4; overjet ≥6 mm; and patient in circumpubertal stage cervical vertebral maturation (CVM2 and CVM3). Parameters for evaluation: Cephalometric skeletal, dental, and soft tissue angular and linear measurements were used for evaluation. RESULTS SNB increased remarkably by 4° in the Twin block group, but only by 0.68 in the control group. There was a significant decrease in vertical dimensions (SN-GoGn) in the Twin block group compared to control group (p = 0.002). Significant enhancement in the facial profile of the patients was observed. CONCLUSIONS The Twin block appliance induced significant skeletal and dental changes. These changes were more obvious relative to the slight changes induced by natural growth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Early treatment of Class II due to mandibular retrusion with Twin block functional appliance is recommended due to its favourable skeletal effect. Early treatment with fixed appliance affects mainly the dentoalveolar component. Long term follow-up is needed for further insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Saad Radwan
- Department of Orthodontics, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt, Phone: +01094233462, e-mail:
| | - Ahmed Maher
- Department of Orthodontics, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona A Montasser
- Department of Orthodontics, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Herrera-Atoche JR, Chatters JC, Cucina A. Unexpected malocclusion in a 13,000-Year-old Late Pleistocene young woman from Mexico. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3997. [PMID: 35256726 PMCID: PMC8901630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07941-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the etiological factors behind the malocclusion of a Late Pleistocene woman (named Naia), who is the best-preserved of the earliest individuals of the American continent. The examination of Naia’s malocclusion was performed through cephalometric and occlusal analyses, and by measuring her mandible. Her data were then compared to published data for modern, medieval, and postmedieval samples and seven Late Pleistocene individuals. Naia presented her permanent dentition fully erupted, except for the impacted mandibular third molars. She presented a class II molar malocclusion with crowding. The dental widths and mandible measurements were similar to or smaller than modern standards. The degree of dental wear was light. The cephalometric analysis confirmed a skeletal class II relationship, with a retrusive mandible and protruded upper incisors. Naia’s mild level of dental wear is consistent with a low masticatory force, in a time when the norm was a high amount of grinding. The low masticatory forces help explain Naia’s small jaws and crowding. However, it does not clarify Angle’s class II relationship. Naia is an example that environmental factors are insufficient to explain the onset of malocclusions and emphasizes the importance of understanding hereditary factors’ role.
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El Sergani AM, Brandebura S, Padilla C, Butali A, Adeyemo WL, Valencia-Ramírez C, Restrepo Muñeton CP, Moreno LM, Buxó CJ, Neiswanger K, Shaffer JR, Marazita ML, Weinberg SM. The Influence of Sex and Ancestry on Three-Dimensional Palate Shape. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2883-2887. [PMID: 34231514 PMCID: PMC8563422 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modern human palate shape has been reported to vary by sex and ancestry, but limitations in the methods used to quantify shape and in population coverage have led to inconsistent findings. In the present study, the authors aim to characterize the effects of sex and ancestry on normal-range three-dimensional palate shape through landmark-based morphometrics.Three-dimensional digital dental casts were obtained and landmarked from 794 adults of European (n = 429), African (n = 295), and East Asian (n = 70) ancestry. Principal component analysis was conducted to identify patterns of shape variation present in our cohort, and canonical variates analysis was performed to test for shape differences between sexes and ancestries.Principal component analysis showed that 3 principal components, explaining 76.52% of variance, linked higher palatal vault with either a relative reduction in anteroposterior or mediolateral dimensions. Canonical variates analysis showed that males had wider and shorter palates with more posteriorly located maximum vault depth than females. Individuals of African ancestry, having higher vaults with more posteriorly located maximal depths, also had wider and shorter palates, whereas individuals of European ancestry had narrower and longer palates with more anteriorly located maximum vault depths. Individuals of East Asian ancestry showed the shallowest vaults.It was found that both sex and ancestry influence palate shape, suggesting a possible genetic component underlying this variation. Additionally, our findings indicate that vault height tends to co-vary with anteroposterior or mediolateral dimensions. Further investigation of these morphological patterns may shed light on possible links to common congenital anomalies such as orofacial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. El Sergani
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Stephanie Brandebura
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Carmencita Padilla
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, The Philippines
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines System, Quezon, The Philippines
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Wasiu L. Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Lina M. Moreno
- Department of Orthodontics & The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- Dental and Craniofacial Genomics Core, School of Dental Medicine, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Katherine Neiswanger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John R. Shaffer
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Dharma DS, Bakar NA, Mustafa BE. Evaluation of Salivary Leptin Levels and Its Correlation with Class I, Class II, and Class III Facial Skeletal Pattern: A Prefatory Study. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:647-652. [PMID: 34428845 PMCID: PMC8630970 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess and compare the salivary leptin hormone levels between different classes of facial skeletal pattern (Class I, II, and III).
Materials and Methods
A sample of 62 patients were selected prior to the orthodontic treatment from a population that attended the International Islamic University Malaysia Specialist Orthodontic Clinic. Based on the lateral cephalometric analysis, the subjects were grouped into Class I, Class II, and Class III facial skeletal patterns, according to Eastman and Wits appraisal. Subsequently, unstimulated saliva samples were taken and purified to undergo leptin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis to determine the levels of leptin hormone. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to analyze the data obtained.
Results
The results showed that there was a significant difference between the levels of leptin hormone between Class I and Class II skeletal patterns and between Class I and Class III facial skeletal patterns. No statistical difference was noted between the levels of leptin of Class II and Class III facial skeletal patterns.
Conclusion
Salivary leptin hormone levels are higher in patients with Class II and Class III facial skeletal patterns compared with Class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danusha Siva Dharma
- Department of Bioscience, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Noraini Abu Bakar
- Department of Orthodontics, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Basma Ezzat Mustafa
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
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Alaa Abd EA, Amal Hussein A. Correlation Between Cranial Base Morphology and Skeletal Maloclusion in a Sample of Sudanese Orthodontic Patients. JOURNAL OF DENTAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS 2020:090-095. [DOI: 10.17352/2394-8418.000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Vicente A, Bravo-González LA, López-Romero A, Muñoz CS, Sánchez-Meca J. Craniofacial morphology in down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19895. [PMID: 33199843 PMCID: PMC7669844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial cephalometric characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome (DS), comparing them with healthy subjects. An electronic search was made in Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Medline and Web of Science without imposing limitations on publication date or language. Studies were selecting following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The PECO acronym was applied as follows: P (population), individuals with DS; E, (exposition) diagnosis of DS; C (comparison), individuals without DS; O (outcomes) craniofacial characteristics based on cephalometric measurements. Independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed the methodological quality of the articles using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality-Assessment-scale. Seven case–control studies were included in meta-analysis. Given the variability of the cephalometric measurements used, only those that had been reported in at least three or more works could be included. Anterior cranial base length (SN), posterior cranial base length (SBa), total cranial base length (BaN), effective length of the maxilla (CoA), sagittal relationship between subspinale and supramentale (ANB), anterior facial height (NMe), and posterior facial height (SGo) values were significantly lower in the DS population than among control subjects. No significant differences were found in sagittal position of subspinale relative to cranial base (SNA) and sagittal position of supramentale relative to cranial base (SNB). Summarizing, individuals with DS present a shorter and flatter cranial base than the general population, an upper jaw of reduced sagittal dimension, as well as a tendency toward prognatic profile, with the medium third of the face flattened and a reduced anterior and posterior facial heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Vicente
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ana López-Romero
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Clara Serna Muñoz
- Department of Integral Pediatric Dentistry, Hospital Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, 2ª Planta, C/Marqués de los Vélez s/n, 30008, Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julio Sánchez-Meca
- Department of Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Camcı H, Salmanpour F. Cephalometric Evaluation of Anterior Cranial Base Slope in Patients with Skeletal Class I Malocclusion with Low or High SNA and SNB Angles. Turk J Orthod 2020; 33:171-176. [PMID: 32974063 DOI: 10.5152/turkjorthod.2020.20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective In the cephalometric analyses, it is observed that both SNA and SNB angles are higher or lower than normal for some skeletal Class I patients. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between low or high SNA, SNB angles, and anterior cranial base (ACB) slope. Methods One hundred and seventeen skeletal Class I patients (45 males with a mean age of 14.5 years, 72 females with a mean age of 14.4 years) were evaluated in three groups. Group 1(n=40): Control group, individuals with normal SNA(82°±2°), and SNB(80°±2°) values. Group 2 (n=37): Patients with SNA>84° and SNB >82°, Group 3 (n=40): Patients with both SNA and SNB values lower than 78°. On the cephalometric radiographs, three angulars (SN/FH; anterior cranial base, Ba-S/FH; posterior cranial base, SN-Ba; total cranial base) and seven linear (S-FH, N-FH, Δ, Ba-S, Ba-N, Ba-A, Ba-B) measurements were performed to analyze the vertical and horizontal positions of the S and N points and thereby the ACB slope. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis. Results The ACB slope was observed to be relatively flatter in Group 2, and steeper in Group 3 (p<0.05). The location of the S and N points in the sagittal plane did not significantly affect the SNA and SNB. However, the vertical position of the S and N points was a factor determining the inclination of the ACB, therefore the SNA and SNB. Conclusion ACB slope directly affected SNA and SNB measurements. ACB might lead to misleading results when used as a reference plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Camcı
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Science University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Farhad Salmanpour
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Science University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Tepedino M, Illuzzi G, Laurenziello M, Perillo L, Taurino AM, Cassano M, Guida L, Burlon G, Ciavarella D. Craniofacial morphology in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: cephalometric evaluation. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 88:228-234. [PMID: 32943377 PMCID: PMC9422716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by a reduced airflow through the upper airways during sleep. Two forms of obstructive sleep apnea are described: the central form and the obstructive form. The obstructive form is related to many factors, such as the craniofacial morphology. Objective To evaluate the correlation between the morphology of the cranial base, of the mandible and the maxilla, and obstructive sleep apnea severity. Methods Eighty-four patients, mean age of 50.4 years old; 73 males and 11 females with obstructive sleep apnea were enrolled in the present study. Patients with high body mass index and comorbidities were excluded. Lateral cephalograms and polysomnography were collected for each patient to evaluate the correlation between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea severity. A Spearman’s rho correlation test between cephalometric measurements and obstructive sleep apnea indexes was computed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Patients with a severe obstructive sleep apnea presented a reduction of sagittal growth of both effective mandibular length and cranio-basal length. The mandibular length was the only variable with a statistical correlation with apnea-hypopnea index. Vertical dimension showed a weak correlation with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea. No correlation with maxillary sagittal dimension was shown. Conclusion Obstructive sleep apnea severity may be correlated to mandibular and cranial base growth. Facial vertical dimension had no correlation with obstructive sleep apnea severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tepedino
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gaetano Illuzzi
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Laurenziello
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Letizia Perillo
- Second University of Naples, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Taurino
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Cassano
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Laura Guida
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Burlon
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavarella
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
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Flores-Ysla A, Arriola-Guillén LE, Rodríguez-Càrdenas YA, Ruíz-Mora GA, Aliaga-Del Castillo A, Janson G. Skeletal open bite cranial base characteristics in young Latin-American individuals with class I, II and III malocclusions: An observational study. Int Orthod 2020; 18:237-245. [PMID: 32037207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare cranial base linear and angular measurements between individuals with skeletal open bite and different sagittal skeletal relationships. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational and cross-sectional study included 101 lateral radiographs of young Latin-American individuals with skeletal open bite that met the inclusion criteria and were collected from a private radiological centre. Three groups were formed. Groups 1, 2 and 3 included individuals with skeletal open bite (negative overbite and FMA>30°) and Class I (n=31), II (n=35) and III (n=35) sagittal skeletal relationship, respectively. The anterior and posterior cranial bases (SN and SBa), and cranial base angles (BaSN and ArSN) were measured. Groups were compared with one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Scheffé tests. The influence of predictor variables on the cranial base were evaluated with linear regressions (α=0.05). RESULTS The cranial base angles were significantly smaller (approximately 3° to 5°) in the skeletal open bite Class III group (BaSN=127.97°± 5.86°, ArSN=120.19°±6.12°) when compared with the other groups. BaSN angle, Class I versus Class III (p<0.001) and Class II versus Class III (p<0.001). ArSN angle, Class I versus Class III (p=0.005) and Class II versus Class III (p=0.026). Multiple linear regressions showed that sex had a significant influence on both cranial base dimensions with men showing larger values than women. CONCLUSIONS Skeletal open bite Class III individuals show a smaller cranial base angle than Skeletal open bite Class I or II individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Flores-Ysla
- Universidad Científica del Sur, School of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics and Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Ernesto Arriola-Guillén
- Universidad Científica del Sur, School of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics and Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Lima, Peru.
| | - Yalil Augusto Rodríguez-Càrdenas
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Universidad Científica del Sur, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gustavo Armando Ruíz-Mora
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Universidad Científica del Sur, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Guilherme Janson
- University of São Paulo, Bauru Dental School, Department of Orthodontics, Brazil
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Morari AC, Santos PRD, Nabarrette M, Cristofoletti W, Menezes CCD, Venezian GC, Nagae MH, Degan VV. Deglutition pattern in Angle’s Class II malocclusion. REVISTA CEFAC 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0216/201921211818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Vieira CL, Veloso SDAR, Lopes FF. Location of the course of the mandibular canal, anterior loop and accessory mental foramen through cone-beam computed tomography. Surg Radiol Anat 2018; 40:1411-1417. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-018-2081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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