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Mendes TDMC, Soares JP, Salvador PTCDO, de Castro JL. Surveillance of Occupational Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds at Gas Stations: A Scoping Review Protocol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:518. [PMID: 38791733 PMCID: PMC11121088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Health surveillance guides public policies, allows for the monitoring of occupational exposures that may cause health risks, and can prevent work-related diseases. The scoping review protocol herein is designed to map studies on the surveillance of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gas stations and identify the governmental agencies and public health measures in different countries. This review protocol is based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual and guided by the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. It includes research articles, theses, dissertations, and official documents on surveillance measures for occupational exposure to VOCs (i.e., benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylene) in gas stations from different countries. All languages and publication dates will be considered, and a spreadsheet will be used to extract and analyze qualitative and quantitative data. The final version will present the main surveillance measures implemented, responsible entities, results, challenges, limitations, and potential gaps in gas stations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliana Pontes Soares
- Insikiran Institute of Indigenous Higher Education, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Janete Lima de Castro
- Postgraduate in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59056-000, Brazil;
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Mendes MPR, Paiva MJN, Costa-Amaral IC, Carvalho LVB, Figueiredo VO, Gonçalves ES, Larentis AL, André LC. Metabolomic Study of Urine from Workers Exposed to Low Concentrations of Benzene by UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS Reveals Potential Biomarkers Associated with Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100978. [PMID: 36295880 PMCID: PMC9611274 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a human carcinogen whose exposure to concentrations below 1 ppm (3.19 mg·m-3) is associated with myelotoxic effects. The determination of biomarkers such as trans-trans muconic acid (AttM) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA) show exposure without reflecting the toxic effects of benzene. For this reason, in this study, the urinary metabolome of individuals exposed to low concentrations of benzene was investigated, with the aim of understanding the biological response to exposure to this xenobiotic and identifying metabolites correlated with the toxic effects induced by it. Ultra-efficient liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS) was used to identify metabolites in the urine of environmentally (n = 28) and occupationally exposed (n = 32) to benzene (mean of 22.1 μg·m-3 and 31.8 μg·m-3, respectively). Non-targeted metabolomics analysis by PLS-DA revealed nine urinary metabolites discriminating between groups and statistically correlated with oxidative damage (MDA, thiol) and genetic material (chromosomal aberrations) induced by the hydrocarbon. The analysis of metabolic pathways revealed important alterations in lipid metabolism. These results point to the involvement of alterations in lipid metabolism in the mechanisms of cytotoxic and genotoxic action of benzene. Furthermore, this study proves the potential of metabolomics to provide relevant information to understand the biological response to exposure to xenobiotics and identify early effect biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele P. R. Mendes
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria José N. Paiva
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabele C. Costa-Amaral
- Center for the Study of Occupational Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro V. B. Carvalho
- Center for the Study of Occupational Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor O. Figueiredo
- Center for the Study of Occupational Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eline S. Gonçalves
- Center for the Study of Occupational Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ariane L. Larentis
- Center for the Study of Occupational Health and Human Ecology (CESTEH), Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leiliane C. André
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-9238-3636
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Figueiredo VO, Carvalho LVBD, Borges RM, Costa-Amaral IC, Santos MVCD, Rosa ACS, Menezes MACD, Mattos RDCODC, Sarcinelli PN, Alves SR, Larentis AL, Gonçalves ES. [Assessment of exposure to BTEX in vehicle filling stations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and risks to workers' health]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00351520. [PMID: 34816964 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00351520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasoline is a complex mixture of substances, including aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted into the air, with the special relevance of benzene since it is provenly carcinogenic. The study aimed to assess BTEX concentrations in filling stations in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to calculate the cancer risk associated with such exposures. Two types of sampling were performed (stationary and mobile), adapted from methodology n. 1,501 (U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) for aromatic hydrocarbons, in six filling stations in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Stationary sampling was done near the fuel pumps, while mobile sampling was done in the breathing zone of the workers (station attendants) as they moved around the station. The samples were analyzed with gas chromatography flame ionization detector. The sampling results were used to calculate the health risk, using the indicators Hazard quotient (HQ) and Cancer risk (CR) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, respectively, in filling station workers. Environmental concentrations for the most of the BTEX compounds were below the recommended limits, except for benzene, a carcinogenic compound, which displayed concentrations far above the limits, leading to high cancer risk values. The results showed that there are health risks for filling station attendants, especially the risk of developing cancer from excessive exposure to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Oliva Figueiredo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Renato Marçullo Borges
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paula Novaes Sarcinelli
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sergio Rabello Alves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ariane Leites Larentis
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Poça KSD, Giardini I, Silva PVB, Geraldino BR, Bellomo A, Alves JA, Conde TR, Zamith HPDS, Otero UB, Ferraris FK, Friedrich K, Sarpa M. Gasoline-station workers in Brazil: Benzene exposure; Genotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Mutat Res 2021; 865:503322. [PMID: 33865537 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to benzene is a risk factor for hematological malignancies. Gasoline-station workers are exposed to benzene in gasoline, via both inhalation and dermal contact (attendants and managers) or inhalation (workers in the on-site convenience stores and offices). We have studied the exposure of these workers to benzene and the resulting genotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Levels of urinary trans, trans-muconic acid were higher among gasoline-station workers than among office workers with no known exposure to benzene (comparison group). Among the exposed workers, we observed statistically significant biological effects, including elevated DNA damage (comet assay); higher frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear buds (CBMN assay); lower levels of T-helper lymphocytes and naive Th lymphocytes; lower CD4 / CD8 ratio; and higher levels of NK cells and memory Th lymphocytes. Both groups of exposed workers (inhalation and inhalation + dermal routes) showed similar genotoxic and immunotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Soares da Poça
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
| | - Isabela Giardini
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
| | - Paula Vieira Baptista Silva
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Rodrigues Geraldino
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
| | - Antonella Bellomo
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
| | - Julia Araújo Alves
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
| | - Taline Ramos Conde
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INCQS/FIOCRUZ) - Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, DFT/INCQS/FIOCRUZ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Helena Pereira da Silva Zamith
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INCQS/FIOCRUZ) - Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, DFT/INCQS/FIOCRUZ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Ubirani Barros Otero
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil.
| | - Fausto Klabund Ferraris
- Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INCQS/FIOCRUZ) - Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, DFT/INCQS/FIOCRUZ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Karen Friedrich
- Centro de Estudos em Saúde do Trabalhador e Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (CESTEH/ENSP/FIOCRUZ) - Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480 - Manguinho, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21041-210, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Sarpa
- Área Técnica Ambiente, Trabalho e Câncer, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva - INCA, Rua Marquês do Pombal, 125/5º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20230-240, Brazil; Laboratório de Mutagênese Ambiental, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) - Rua Frei Caneca, 94/4º andar - Centro, Rio de Janeiro. CEP 20211-010, Brazil.
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Silva TFD, Rodrigues DDRF, Coutinho GBF, Soares M, Almeida MSD, Sarcinelli PDN, Mattos RDCODC, Larentis AL, Matos GGDO. Ototoxicity of hydrocarbons present in gasoline: a literature review. REVISTA CEFAC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-021620182015617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate the toxicity effects of major hydrocarbons present in gasoline on the auditory system and the related mechanisms of action. Methods: a literature review between 2005 and 2015 was conducted using LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO, by combining descriptors and their respective terms in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: studies performed in humans and animals with hearing impairment, confirmed by morphological tests in rats, the influence of factors such as dose, duration, species and type of stimulus in hearing loss, and ineffective protection of workers by the threshold levels of exposure in the mixture of the compounds, were chosen. Conclusion: toluene is regarded as an ototoxic compound that damages outer hair cells in the middle region of the cochlea, with evidence of interaction with noise. Ethylbenzene and xylenes can be considered potentially ototoxic based on the results of animal studies. No sufficient data were found on benzene to form a conclusion.
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