1
|
Wang J, Zhang Q, Chen W, Fu H, Zhang M, Fan Y. The effect of flywheel complex training with eccentric-overload on muscular adaptation in elite female volleyball players. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17079. [PMID: 38525282 PMCID: PMC10961060 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks (24 sessions) between flywheel complex training with eccentric overload and traditional complex training of well-trained volleyball players on muscle adaptation, including hypertrophy, strength, and power variables. Fourteen athletes were recruited and randomly divided into the flywheel complex training with an eccentric-overload group (FCTEO, n = 7) and the control group (the traditional complex training group, TCT, n = 7). Participants performed half-squats using a flywheel device or Smith machine and drop jumps, with three sets of eight repetitions and three sets of 12 repetitions, respectively. The variables assessed included the muscle thickness at the proximal, mid, and distal sections of the quadriceps femoris, maximal half-squats strength (1RM-SS), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and three-step approach jump (AJ). In addition, a two-way repeated ANOVA analysis was used to find differences between the two groups and between the two testing times (pre-test vs. post-test). The indicators of the FCTEO group showed a significantly better improvement (p < 0.05) in CMJ (height: ES = 0.648, peak power: ES = 0.750), AJ (height: ES = 0.537, peak power: ES = 0.441), 1RM-SS (ES = 0.671) compared to the TCT group and the muscle thicknes at the mid of the quadriceps femoris (ES = 0.504) after FCTEO training. Since volleyball requires lower limb strength and explosive effort during repeated jumps and spiking, these results suggest that FCTEO affects muscular adaptation in a way that improves performance in well-trained female volleyball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoqin Wang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | | | - Honghao Fu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Fan
- Department of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
May S, Locke S, Kingsley M. Gastrocnemius Muscle Architecture in Elite Basketballers and Cyclists: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:768846. [PMID: 34950871 PMCID: PMC8688802 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.768846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric and concentric actions produce distinct mechanical stimuli and result in different adaptations in skeletal muscle architecture. Cycling predominantly involves concentric activity of the gastrocnemius muscles, while playing basketball requires both concentric and eccentric actions to support running, jumping, and landing. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the architecture of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) between elite basketballers and cyclists. A trained sonographer obtained three B-mode ultrasound images from GM and GL muscles in 44 athletes (25 basketballers and 19 cyclists; 24 ± 5 years of age). The images were digitized and average fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (θ), and muscle thickness were calculated from three images per muscle. The ratio of FL to tibial length (FL/TL) and muscle thickness to tibial length (MT/TL) was also calculated to account for the potential scaling effect of stature. In males, no significant differences were identified between the athletic groups in all parameters in the GM, but a significant difference existed in muscle thickness in the GL. In basketballers, GL was 2.5 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.7-4.3 mm, p = 0.011) on the left side and 2.6 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.6-5.7 mm, p = 0.012) on the right side; however, these differences were not significant when stature was accounted for (MT/TL). In females, significant differences existed in the GM for all parameters including FL/TL and MT/TL. Female cyclists had longer FL in both limbs (MD: 11.2 and 11.3 mm), narrower θ (MD: 2.1 and 1.8°), and thicker muscles (MD: 2.1 and 2.5 mm). For the GL, female cyclists had significantly longer FL (MD: 5.2 and 5.8 mm) and narrower θ (MD: 1.7 and 2.3°) in both limbs; no differences were observed in absolute muscle thickness or MT/TL ratio. Differences in gastrocnemius muscle architecture were observed between female cyclists and basketballers, but not between males. These findings suggest that participation in sport-specific training might influence gastrocnemius muscle architecture in elite female athletes; however, it remains unclear as to whether gastrocnemius architecture is systematically influenced by the different modes of muscle activation between these respective sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha May
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Locke
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.,Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
May S, Locke S, Kingsley M. Reliability of ultrasonographic measurement of muscle architecture of the gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258014. [PMID: 34587209 PMCID: PMC8480904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography is widely used to measure gastrocnemius muscle architecture; however, it is unclear if values obtained from digitised images are sensitive enough to track architectural responses to clinical interventions. The purpose of this study was to explore the reliability and determine the minimal detectable change (MDC) of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) muscle architecture using ultrasound in a clinical setting. A trained sonographer obtained three B-mode images from each of the GM and GL muscles in 87 volunteers (44 males, 43 females; 22±9 years of age) on two separate occasions. Three independent investigators received training, then digitised the images to determine intra-rater, inter-rater, and test-retest reliability for fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (θ) and muscle thickness. Median FL, θ, and muscle thickness for GM and GL were 53.6–55.7 mm and 65.8–69.3 mm, 18.7–19.5° and 11.9–12.5°, and 12.8–13.2 mm and 15.9–16.9 mm, respectively. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of manual digitisation was excellent for all parameters. Test-retest reliability was moderate to excellent with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values ≥0.80 for FL, ≥0.61 for θ, and ≥0.81 for muscle thickness, in both GM and GL. The respective MDC for GM and GL FL, θ, and muscle thickness was ≤12.1 mm and ≤18.00 mm, ≤6.4° and ≤4.2°, and ≤3.2 mm and ≤3.1 mm. Although reliable, the relatively large MDC suggest that clinically derived ultrasound measurements of muscle architecture in GM and GL are more likely to be useful to detect differences between populations than to detect changes in muscle architecture following interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha May
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Locke
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
NIN DARRENZ, PAIN MATTHEWTG, LIM YIIH, KONG PUIW. HAMSTRING MUSCLE ARCHITECTURE AND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES: RELIABILITY AND RETROSPECTIVE COMPARISON BETWEEN PREVIOUSLY INJURED AND UNINJURED ATHLETES. J MECH MED BIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951942150007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The architecture of the biceps femoris (BF) and stiffness of the hamstrings have been found to be associated with injury risk. However, less is known about the architecture of the equally voluminous semitendinosus (ST) and viscoelastic properties of both muscles in individuals with a prior injury. Methods: BF and ST of 15 athletes (previously injured, [Formula: see text]; control, [Formula: see text]) were assessed using ultrasonography and myotonometry. Mean architecture (muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA) and fascicle length (FL)) and viscoelastic measures (stiffness, oscillation frequency and decrement) were compared between the previously injured and contralateral uninjured limb, and between the previously injured and control limbs (mean of both limbs of the control group). Control group participants returned for a duplicate measurement. Findings: Both muscles exhibited high reliability between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficient [Formula: see text]) for architecture. BF PA was larger in the previously injured than both uninjured [Formula: see text] and control [Formula: see text]. BF fascicles were shorter in the previously injured limb compared to the uninjured [Formula: see text] and control [Formula: see text]. BF was stiffer in the previously injured compared to uninjured [Formula: see text]. ST architecture and viscoelasticity were similar across limbs. Conclusion: A prior hamstring strain injury is associated with a stiffer BF characterized by larger PAs and shorter fascicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DARREN Z. NIN
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - MATTHEW T. G. PAIN
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU United Kingdom
| | - YII H. LIM
- Sports & Preventive Medicine Branch, Parkway Shenton 1 Raffles Quay North Tower, #09-02, Singapore 048583, Singapore
| | - PUI W. KONG
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pimenta R, Blazevich AJ, Freitas SR. Biceps Femoris Long-Head Architecture Assessed Using Different Sonographic Techniques. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:2584-2594. [PMID: 30067589 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the repeatability of, and measurement agreement between, four sonographic techniques used to quantify biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture: (i) static-image with linear extrapolation; extended field-of-view (EFOV) with linear ultrasound probe path (linear-EFOV), using either (ii) straight or (iii) segmented analyses; and (iv) EFOV with nonlinear probe path and segmented analysis (nonlinear-EFOV) to follow the complex fascicle trajectories. METHODS Twenty individuals (24.4 ± 5.7 yr; 175 ± 0.8 cm; 73 ± 9.0 kg) without history of hamstrings strain injury were tested in two sessions separated by 1 h. An ultrasound scanner coupled with 6-cm linear probe was used to assess BFlh architecture in B-mode. RESULTS The ultrasound probe was positioned at 52.0% ± 5.0% of femur length and 57.0% ± 6.0% of BFlh length. We found an acceptable repeatability when assessing BFlh fascicle length (ICC3,k = 0.86-0.95; SEM = 1.9-3.2 mm) and angle (ICC3,k = 0.86-0.97; SEM = 0.8°-1.1) using all sonographic techniques. However, the nonlinear-EFOV technique showed the highest repeatability (fascicle length ICC3,k = 0.95; fascicle angle, ICC3,k = 0.97). The static-image technique, which estimated 35.4% ± 7.0% of the fascicle length, overestimated fascicle length (8%-11%) and underestimated fascicle angle (8%-9%) compared with EFOV techniques. Also, the rank order of individuals varied by approximately 15% between static-image and nonlinear-EFOV (segmented) when assessing the fascicle length. CONCLUSIONS Although all techniques showed good repeatability, absolute errors were observed using static-image (7.9 ± 6.1 mm for fascicle length) and linear-EFOV (between 3.7 ± 3.0 and 4.2 ± 3.7 mm), probably because the complex fascicle trajectories were not followed. The rank order of individuals for fascicle length and angle were also different between static-image and nonlinear-EFOV, so different muscle function and injury risk estimates could likely be made when using this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pimenta
- Faculty of Human Kinetic, University of Lisbon, Cruz-Quebrada, Dafundo, PORTUGAL
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Edith Cowan University, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Faculty of Human Kinetic, University of Lisbon, Cruz-Quebrada, Dafundo, PORTUGAL
| |
Collapse
|