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Żyro D, Sikora J, Szynkowska-Jóźwik MI, Ochocki J. Silver, Its Salts and Application in Medicine and Pharmacy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15723. [PMID: 37958707 PMCID: PMC10650883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing properties of silver have been used since ancient times. The main aim of the study was to collect and review the literature on the clinical potential of silver, its salts and complex compounds. The second goal was to present an outline of the historical use of silver in medicine and pharmacy, taking into account the possibility of producing pharmaceutical drug forms on the premises of pharmacies. In the context of the growing resistance of microorganisms to available, widely used antibiotics, silver plays a key role. There is only one known case of bacterial resistance to silver-the Pseudomonas stutzeri strain, which naturally occurs in silver mines. The development of research in the field of coordination chemistry offers great opportunities in the design of new substances in which silver ions can be incorporated. These substances exhibit increased potency and often an extended antimicrobial spectrum. Silver-based compounds are, however, only limited to external applications, as opposed to their historic oral administration. Advanced studies of their physicochemical, microbiological, cytotoxic and genotoxic properties are ongoing and full of challenges. The improvement of the methods of synthesis gives the possibility of applying the newly synthesized compounds ex tempore, as was the case with the complex of metronidazole with silver (I) nitrate. Some of these experimental efforts performed in vitro are followed with clinical trials. The third and final goal of this study was to present the possibility of obtaining an ointment under the conditions of an actual pharmacy using silver (I) salts and a ligand, both of which are active substances with antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Żyro
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-543 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Justyn Ochocki
- Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Nguyen B, Thompson CT, Sigall DA, Tosti A. Hair analysis in the diagnosis of argyria. Int J Dermatol 2022; 62:e351-e353. [PMID: 35781260 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Nguyen
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Curtis T Thompson
- CTA Pathology, Tigard, Oregon, USA.,Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Antonella Tosti
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Gill P, Richards K, Cho WC, Nagarajan P, Aung PP, Ivan D, Curry JL, Prieto VG, Torres-Cabala CA. Localized cutaneous argyria: Review of a rare clinical mimicker of melanocytic lesions. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 54:151776. [PMID: 34214703 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Localized cutaneous argyria is a rare cutaneous disorder that has been associated with occupational exposure, dental procedures, topical agents, acupuncture, earrings, and nasal piercings. In this paper, we review the current literature on localized cutaneous argyria, highlight its clinical and histologic diagnostic features, and then discuss the clinical and histological differential diagnoses for blue-gray skin and black dermal pigment, respectively. We also discuss the utility of ancillary techniques, such as deeper histologic levels, special stains, darkfield microscopy, and advanced micro-analytical techniques in helping diagnose localized cutaneous argyria. Furthermore, we emphasize that a thorough clinical history and astute clinico-pathologic correlation can be the most important diagnostic techniques in correctly diagnosing this rare disorder. Our review aims serve as a reminder to clinicians and pathologists of the importance of including localized cutaneous argyria in the clinical and histological differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavandeep Gill
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristen Richards
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Woo Cheal Cho
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Doina Ivan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Clinical and Forensic Aspects of the Different Subtypes of Argyria. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102086. [PMID: 34068024 PMCID: PMC8152497 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Argyria encompasses the different cosmetic alterations that can develop if enough silver particles deposit in a specific tissue, typically in the skin, ranging from localized dark-blue macules to a generalized slate-gray/bluish tinge following systemic absorption. This work aims to fully review the state of the art regarding pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and relevant clinical and forensic features of argyria. Argyria has been diagnosed in a wide range of ages, both sexes and varied ethnicities, with no known individual predisposing factors. Ultraviolet radiation with subsequence increases of melanin production aggravates the discoloration due to a reduction in the silver deposits. Physical examination and silver exposure in the anamnesis can be highly suggestive of the diagnosis, but a histopathological analysis with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy is required to unequivocally determine the discoloration etiology. Safe and effective treatment has only been accomplished with laser techniques, though only a few cases have been reported and with limited follow-up time. In conclusion, argyria typically has an occupational or iatrogenic etiology. It should be suspected when a patient presents with typical skin or eye lesions. A seemingly viable treatment modality, with laser technology, is finally within the horizon.
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Hu B, Yin N, Yang R, Liang S, Liang S, Faiola F. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and AgNO 3 perturb the specification of human hepatocyte-like cells and cardiomyocytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138433. [PMID: 32302844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly utilized industrial compounds mostly because of their antimicrobial properties. Nevertheless, our understanding of their potential developmental toxicity in humans is still limited. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are powerful in vitro tools for developmental toxicity assessments of chemicals. Here, we evaluated the potential developmental toxicity during early embryogenesis of AgNPs and AgNO3 with human ESC (hESC)-based differentiation systems in vitro. We found that human relevant concentrations of AgNPs and Ag ions affected the specification of two of the three primary germ layers, endoderm and mesoderm, without drastically affecting ectoderm. Furthermore, the two forms of Ag impaired the generation and functions of hepatocytes-like cells derived from endoderm, by decreasing the expression of important liver markers such as AFP, ALB, and HNF4A, and altering glycogen storage. When considering cardiac development, AgNPs and AgNO3 manifested opposite adverse effects, in that AgNPs increased while AgNO3 decreased the expression of typical cardiac markers (NKX2.5, MYH6, and ISL) in hESC-derived cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, our findings argue for a potential developmental toxicity of AgNP doses we are exposed to, or levels detected in the human body, especially at very early stages during embryogenesis, and which may not be just due to Ag leakage. Moreover, mesendoderm-derived cell types, tissues and organs may be more prone to AgNP toxicity than ectoderm lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengxian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaojun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Radko L, Stypuła-Trębas S, Posyniak A, Żyro D, Ochocki J. Silver(I) Complexes of the Pharmaceutical Agents Metronidazole and 4-Hydroxymethylpyridine: Comparison of Cytotoxic Profile for Potential Clinical Application. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101949. [PMID: 31117201 PMCID: PMC6572996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous papers, we have reported on the high antifungal and significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria of the water-soluble silver(I) complexes of metronidazole and derivatives of pyridine compared to silver nitrate. In the present study, the cytotoxic activity of the silver(I) complexes of metronidazole and 4-hydroxymethylpyridine was compared with that of silver nitrate. Metronidazole and 4-hydroxymethylpyridine were investigated using Balb/c 3T3 and HepG2 cell lines in order to evaluate the potential clinical application of silver(I) complexes. The cells were exposed for 72 h to compounds at eight concentrations. The cytotoxic concentrations (IC50) of the study compounds were assessed within four biochemical endpoints: mitochondrial activity, lysosomal activity, cellular membrane integrity, and total protein content. The investigated silver(I) complexes displayed comparable cytotoxicity to that of silver nitrate used in clinics. Mean cytotoxic concentrations calculated for investigated silver(I) complexes from concentration-response curves ranged from 2.13 to 26.5 µM. HepG2 cells were less sensitive to the tested complexes compared to fibroblasts (Balb/c 3T3). However, the most affected endpoint for HepG2 cells was cellular membrane damage. The cytotoxicity of both silver complexes was comparable for Balb/c 3T3 cells. The cytotoxic potential of the new silver(I) compounds compared to that of silver nitrate used in medicine indicates that they are safe and could be used in clinical practice. The presented results are yet more stimulating to further studies that evaluate the therapeutic use of silver complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Radko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Dominik Żyro
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Justyn Ochocki
- Department of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Chair of Medicinal Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland.
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Sarnat-Kucharczyk M, Pojda-Wilczek D, Mrukwa-Kominek E. Diagnostic methods in ocular argyrosis: case report. Doc Ophthalmol 2016; 133:129-138. [PMID: 27392933 PMCID: PMC5052328 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-016-9552-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this report is to present a case of a patient, metal foundry worker, who had been exposed to industrial silver salts for over 20 years. It is well established that chronic exposure to silver compounds can cause accumulation of silver deposits in various tissues. This condition is referred to as argyrosis or argyria, whereas changes related to eye tissues are defined as ocular argyrosis. Methods A complete eye examination, corneal confocal microscopy, kinetic and static visual field test, posterior segment optical coherent tomography, pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP), flash visual evoked potentials, multifocal electroretinogram, pattern electroretinogram (PERG), full-field electroretinography (FERG) and electrooculogram were all performed. Results Eye examination revealed decreased visual acuity, corneal deposits and drusenoid changes within the macula. Although electrophysiology tests did not show changes in the function of retinal pigment epithelium, they revealed abnormal function of photoreceptors in the central and peripheral retina. PERG abnormalities and delayed latency of P100 wave in PVEP confirmed impaired function of the inner layers of the retina in the macular region. Conclusions Corneal confocal microscopy and electrophysiological tests may help confirm the diagnosis of ocular argyrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sarnat-Kucharczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Dorota Pojda-Wilczek
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Mrukwa-Kominek
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Ceglana 35, 40-514, Katowice, Poland
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Burgert JM. Argyria resulting from chronic use of colloidal silver in a patient presenting for colonoscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 3:73-5. [PMID: 25611524 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An elderly male with a history of argyria caused by chronic ingestion of colloidal silver presented for elective colonoscopy. The patient's skin was a profound blue-gray color that caused concern among staff until his condition was identified through his medical and medication history. Colonoscopy and anesthesia proceeded without incident. The anesthetic management concerns include differentiating argyria from hypoxemia and other pathologies with similar appearance and clearly communicating the patient's history of argyria to follow-on caregivers to prevent unneeded diagnostic or interventional procedures. It is also important for caregivers to understand that the altered skin pigmentation of argyria does not interfere with pulse oximetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Burgert
- From the U.S. Army Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
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Sheikh FA, Ju HW, Moon BM, Park HJ, Kim JH, Lee OJ, Park CH. Facile and highly efficient approach for the fabrication of multifunctional silk nanofibers containing hydroxyapatite and silver nanoparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3459-69. [PMID: 24222437 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a good combination consisting of electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers incorporated with high-purity hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles (NPs) and silver NPs is introduced as antimicrobial for tissue engineering applications. The variable pressure field emission scanning electron microscope results confirmed randomly placed nanofibers are produced with highly dispersed HAp and silver NPs in nanofibers after electrospinning. The X-ray diffraction results demonstrated crystalline features of each of the three components used for electrospinning. Moreover, the TEM-EDS analysis confirmed the presence and chemical nature of each component over individual silk nanofiber. The FT-IR analyses was used confirm the different vibration modes caused due to functional groups present in silk fibroin, Hap, and silver NPs. The obtained nanofibers were checked for antimicrobial activity by using two model organisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Subsequently, the antimicrobial tests have indicated that prepared nanofibers do possess good bactericidal activity. The ability of N,N-dimethylformamide and silk fibroin used to reduce silver nitrate into silver metal was evaluated using MTT assay. The nanofibers were grown in presence of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, which revealed toxic behavior to fibroblasts at higher concentrations of silver nitrate used in this study. Furthermore, cell attachment studies on nanofibers for 3 and 12 days of incubation time were minutely observed and correlated with the results of MTT assay. The reported results confirmed the high amounts of silver nitrate can lead to toxic effects on viability of fibroblasts and had bad effect in cell attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem A Sheikh
- Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 200-702, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, Texas, 78539
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