Ulinastatin alleviates early brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting necroptosis and neuroinflammation via MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway

Identification of mitophagy and ferroptosis-related hub genes associated with intracerebral haemorrhage through bioinformatics analysis

BACKGROUND

Mitophagy and ferroptosis occur in intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) but our understanding of mitophagy and ferroptosis-related genes remains incomplete.

AIM

This study aims to identify shared ICH genes for both processes.

METHODS

ICH differentially expressed mitophagy and ferroptosis-related genes (DEMFRGs) were sourced from the GEO database and literature. Enrichment analysis elucidated functions. Hub genes were selected via STRING, MCODE, and MCC algorithms in Cytoscape. miRNAs targeting hubs were predicted using miRWalk 3.0, forming a miRNA-hub gene network. Immune microenvironment variances were assessed with MCP and TIMER. Potential small molecules for ICH were forecasted via CMap database.

RESULTS

64 DEMFRGs and ten hub genes potentially involved in various processes like ferroptosis, TNF signalling pathway, MAPK signalling pathway, and NF-kappa B signalling pathway were discovered. Several miRNAs were identified as shared targets of hub genes. The ICH group showed increased infiltration of monocytic lineage and myeloid dendritic cells compared to the Healthy group. Ten potential small molecule drugs (e.g. Zebularine, TWS-119, CG-930) were predicted via CMap.

CONCLUSION

Several shared genes between mitophagy and ferroptosis potentially drive ICH progression via TNF, MAPK, and NF-kappa B pathways. These results offer valuable insights for further exploring the connection between mitophagy, ferroptosis, and ICH.

The Crosstalk Between Immune Cells After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

The inflammatory mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been widely studied, and it is believed that the regulation of this mechanism is of great significance to the prognosis. In the early stage of the acute phase of ICH, the release of a large number of inflammatory factors around the hematoma can recruit more inflammatory cells to infiltrate the area, further release inflammatory factors, cause an inflammatory cascade reaction, aggravate the volume of cerebral hematoma and edema and further destroy the blood-brain barrier (BBB), according to this, the crosstalk between cells may be of great significance in secondary brain injury (SBI). Because most of the cells recruited are inflammatory immune cells, this paper mainly discusses the cells based on the inflammatory mechanism to discuss their functions after ICH, we found that among the main cells inherent in the brain, glial cells account for the majority, of which microglia are the most widely studied and it can interact with a variety of cells, which is reflected in the literature researches on its pathogenesis and treatment. We believe that exploring multi-mechanism and multi-cell regulated drugs may be the future development trend, and the existing research, the comparison and unification of modeling methods, and the observation of long-term efficacy may be the first problem that researchers need to solve.

Eucalyptol ameliorates chlorpyrifos-induced necroptosis in grass carp liver cells by down-regulating ROS/NF-κB pathway

Chlorpyrifos (Diethoxy-sulfanylidene-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) oxy-λ5-phosphane, CPF) was extensively used organophosphorus pesticide, extensively deteriorating public problem with the enrichment in the water bodies. Eucalyptol (1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2] octane, EUC), a colorless cyclic monoterpene oxide, has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation properties. To explore the effect of EUC on CPF-induced necroptosis in the grass carp liver cells (L8824 cells), we treated L8824 cells with 60 mM CPF and 5 μM EUC for 24 h. The results showed that CPF exposed lead to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, activating the NF-κB and RIPK1 pathway, increasing the level of cell necroptosis. However, EUC treatment attenuated the toxic effects of CPF treatment on L8824 cells. In summary, the study demonstrated that CPF induced necroptosis and inflammation, and EUC treatment could decrease CPF-caused cell injury.

Ulinastatin Alleviates Repetitive Ketamine Exposure-Evoked Cognitive Impairment in Adolescent Mice

Ketamine (KET) is widely used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and long-term use is required for treatment of depression patients. Repeated use of KET is associated with mood and memory disorders. Ulinastatin (UTI), a urinary trypsin inhibitor, has been widely undertaken as an anti-inflammatory drug and proved to have neuroprotective effects. The aim of this work was to determine whether prophylactic use of UTI could attenuate KET-induced cognitive impairment. It was found that repetitive KET anesthesia cause cognitive and emotional disorders in adolescent mice in WMZ and OFT test, while UTI pretreatment reversed the poor performance compared to the AK group, and the platform finding time and center crossing time were obviously short in the CK+UTI group (P < 0.05). Our ELISA experiment results discovered that UTI pretreatment reduced the expression levels of IL-1β and IL-6 induced by CK anesthesia compared to AK (P < 0.05). In addition, UTI pretreatment protected the cognitive function by restraining the expression levels of Tau protein, Tau phospho-396 protein, and Aβ protein in the CK group compared to the AK group in Western blotting (P < 0.05). The results suggested that UTI could act as a new strategy to prevent the neurotoxicity of KET, revealing a significant neuroprotective effect of UTI.