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Salam MA, Korkmaz N, Cycil LM, Hasan F. Isolation, microscopic and magnetotactic characterization of Magnetospirillum moscoviense MS-24 from Banjosa Lake, Pakistan. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03390-y. [PMID: 37227600 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
At currently, approximately 70 species of magnetotactic bacteria have been identified; thus, there is an urgent need to identify more magnetotactic bacteria from diverse environmental sources with potential applications in industry and biotechnology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first magnetotactic bacterial strain discovered in Pakistan. The first magnetotactic bacteria, Magnetospirillum moscoviense MS-24, was isolated from Banjosa Lake (Rawalakot), Pakistan, in the current investigation. Magnetospirillum moscoviense MS-24 was screened using the Racetrack method. The Magnetospirillum moscoviense MS-24 were physically characterised using Atomic Force Microscopy, High-Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The current study used microscopy to illustrate the shape of bacteria and to find a very obvious chain of magnetosomes within the bacterial cell. The Magnetospirillum moscoviense MS-24 measured about 4 ± 0.04 µm in length and 600 ± 0.02 nm in diameter. The microfluidic chip experiments were also used to detect magnetotaxis behaviour in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abdul Salam
- Applied Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, Rawalpindi Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Nuriye Korkmaz
- Biosensor Group, Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E 71, 66123, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | | | - Fariha Hasan
- Applied Environmental and Geomicrobiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) belong to several phyla. This class of microorganisms exhibits the ability of magneto-aerotaxis. MTB synthesize biominerals in organelle-like structures called magnetosomes, which contain single-domain crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4) characterized by a high degree of structural and compositional perfection. Magnetosomes from dead MTB could be preserved in sediments (called fossil magnetosomes or magnetofossils). Under certain conditions, magnetofossils are capable of retaining their remanence for millions of years. This accounts for the growing interest in MTB and magnetofossils in paleo- and rock magnetism and in a wider field of biogeoscience. At the same time, high biocompatibility of magnetosomes makes possible their potential use in biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia, magnetically guided drug delivery, and immunomagnetic analysis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the current state of the art in the field of MTB research and applications.
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Liu P, Liu Y, Zhao X, Roberts AP, Zhang H, Zheng Y, Wang F, Wang L, Menguy N, Pan Y, Li J. Diverse phylogeny and morphology of magnetite biomineralized by magnetotactic cocci. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1115-1129. [PMID: 32985765 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are diverse prokaryotes that produce magnetic nanocrystals within intracellular membranes (magnetosomes). Here, we present a large-scale analysis of diversity and magnetosome biomineralization in modern magnetotactic cocci, which are the most abundant MTB morphotypes in nature. Nineteen novel magnetotactic cocci species are identified phylogenetically and structurally at the single-cell level. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that the cocci cluster into an independent branch from other Alphaproteobacteria MTB, that is, within the Etaproteobacteria class in the Proteobacteria phylum. Statistical analysis reveals species-specific biomineralization of magnetosomal magnetite morphologies. This further confirms that magnetosome biomineralization is controlled strictly by the MTB cell and differs among species or strains. The post-mortem remains of MTB are often preserved as magnetofossils within sediments or sedimentary rocks, yet paleobiological and geological interpretation of their fossil record remains challenging. Our results indicate that magnetofossil morphology could be a promising proxy for retrieving paleobiological information about ancient MTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,IMPMC, CNRS UMR 7590, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, UPMC, IRD UMR 206, Paris, France
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,France-China Joint Laboratory for Evolution and Development of Magnetotactic MultiCellular Organisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yan L, Zhang S, Chen P, Liu H, Yin H, Li H. Magnetotactic bacteria, magnetosomes and their application. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:507-19. [PMID: 22579104 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are a diverse group of microorganisms with the ability to orient and migrate along geomagnetic field lines. This unique feat is based on specific intracellular organelles, the magnetosomes, which, in most MTB, comprise nanometer-sized, membrane bound crystals of magnetic iron minerals and organized into chains via a dedicated cytoskeleton. Because of the special properties of the magnetosomes, MTB are of great interest for paleomagnetism, environmental magnetism, biomarkers in rocks, magnetic materials and biomineralization in organisms, and bacterial magnetites have been exploited for a variety of applications in modern biological and medical sciences. In this paper, we describe general characteristics of MTB and their magnetic mineral inclusions, but focus mainly on the magnetosome formation and the magnetisms of MTB and bacterial magnetosomes, as well as on the significances and applications of MTB and their intracellular magnetic mineral crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University-HLBU, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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Abraçado LG, Abreu F, Keim CN, Campos APC, Lins U, Farina M. Magnetosome chain superstructure in uncultured magnetotactic bacteria. Phys Biol 2011; 7:046016. [PMID: 21212495 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/7/4/046016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria produce magnetosomes, which are magnetic particles enveloped by biological membranes, in a highly controlled mineralization process. Magnetosomes are used to navigate in magnetic fields by a phenomenon called magnetotaxis. Two levels of organization and control are recognized in magnetosomes. First, magnetotactic bacteria create a spatially distinct environment within vesicles defined by their membranes. In the vesicles, the bacteria control the size, composition and purity of the mineral content of the magnetic particles. Unique crystal morphologies are produced in magnetosomes as a consequence of this bacterial control. Second, magnetotactic bacteria organize the magnetosomes in chains within the cell body. It has been shown in a particular case that the chains are positioned within the cell body in specific locations defined by filamentous cytoskeleton elements. Here, we describe an additional level of organization of the magnetosome chains in uncultured magnetotactic cocci found in marine and freshwater sediments. Electron microscopy analysis of the magnetosome chains using a goniometer showed that the magnetic crystals in both types of bacteria are not oriented at random along the crystal chain. Instead, the magnetosomes have specific orientations relative to the other magnetosomes in the chain. Each crystal is rotated either 60°, 180° or 300° relative to their neighbors along the chain axis, causing the overlapping of the (1 1 1) and [Formula in text] capping faces of neighboring crystals. We suggest that genetic determinants that are not present or active in bacteria with magnetosomes randomly rotated within a chain must be present in bacteria that organize magnetosomes so precisely. This particular organization may also be used as an indicative biosignature of magnetosomes in the study of magnetofossils in the cases where this symmetry is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida G Abraçado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, bloco F, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Xie J, Chen K, Chen X. Production, Modification and Bio-Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Gestated by Magnetotactic Bacteria. NANO RESEARCH 2009; 2:261-278. [PMID: 20631916 PMCID: PMC2902887 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-009-9025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) were first discovered by Richard P. Blakemore in 1975, and this led to the discovery of a wide collection of microorganisms with similar features i.e., the ability to internalize Fe and convert it into magnetic nanoparticles, in the form of either magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) or greigite (Fe(3)S(4)). Studies showed that these particles are highly crystalline, monodisperse, bioengineerable and have high magnetism that is comparable to those made by advanced synthetic methods, making them candidate materials for a broad range of bio-applications. In this review article, the history of the discovery of MTB and subsequent efforts to elucidate the mechanisms behind the magnetosome formation are briefly covered. The focus is on how to utilize the knowledge gained from fundamental studies to fabricate functional MTB nanoparticles (MTB-NPs) that are capable of tackling real biomedical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xie
- Department of Radiology, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5484, USA
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