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Fraga MDSR, Angst FA, January J, Madziwa A, Gonah L, Lazzarotto A. The Burden and Risk Factors Associated with Infectious Diseases among Refugees in a Camp for Migrants in Porto Alegre: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Ann Glob Health 2024; 90:48. [PMID: 39114344 PMCID: PMC11303968 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Refugees usually face a disproportionate burden of infectious diseases. Recently, Brazil has experienced an influx of refugees which demands the need for scaling up public health efforts to address the challenges. The research sought to study the burden and risk factors associated with infectious diseases among refugees received in the city of Porto Alegre. This was a cross-sectional study of 261 newly arrived refugees. The study sample was predominantly composed of Venezuelans (50.6%) and Haitians (44%), male (146: 56.7%), single (30.7%), with an average age of 33.38 (± 7.30) years. The average schooling was 10.42 (± 2.09) years. Diseases with the highest prevalence were influenza, whooping cough, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. There was significant association between the country of origin and presence of symptoms for infectious and contagious diseases, which warrants targeted interventions for reducing the incidence of these diseases among refugees in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James January
- Department of Global Public health & Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe
- Department of Mental Health & Psychiatry Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi
| | | | - Laston Gonah
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
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Pedraza DF. [Hospitalization for infectious diseases, parasitism and nutritional evolution of children attended in public child day care centers]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 22:4105-4114. [PMID: 29267727 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320172212.08212016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to analyze the influence of hospitalizations by infectious diseases (diarrhea and pneumonia) and parasitism in nutritional evolution, over the period of a year, among children enrolled in municipal public day care centers. Mothers of children in a cohort were asked about previous hospitalization due to diarrhea and pneumonia, as well as in relation to the elimination of worms, during the period of one year of attendance at day care centers. Anthropometrics were measured at each visit. An adjusted model to examine the relationship between infections experienced and growth outcomes (weight and height) was applied. In a subset analysis of 269 children followed up at every visit over the course of 12 months, hospitalization due to pneumonia and parasite infection were associated with decelerated growth in weight and height. Parasitic infection and pneumonia were associated with growth impairment in terms of weight and height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixis Figueroa Pedraza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Departamento de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Av. das Baraúnas 351, Bodocongó. 58109-753 Campina Grande PB Brasil.
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Fontoura VM, Graepp-Fontoura I, Santos FS, Santos Neto M, Tavares HSDA, Bezerra MOL, Feitosa MDO, Neves AF, de Morais JCM, Nascimento LFC. Socio-environmental factors and diarrheal diseases in under five-year old children in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196702. [PMID: 29768428 PMCID: PMC5955564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a waterborne disease that affects children, especially those under 5 years of age. The objective of this study was to identify the spatial patterns of distribution of diarrheal disease in under 5-year-old children in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, from 2008 to 2013. METHODS Geoprocessing tools were used to carry out an epidemiological study, to prepare thematic maps in the TerraView 4.2.2 software based on secondary data. General indicators of the disease, presence of spatial dependence through the Global Moran's Index (I) and the Spatial Association Index (LISA) were described. RESULTS There were 3,015 cases of under 5-year-old children hospitalized for diarrhea, with an average annual rate (AAR) of 4.10/1,000 inhabitants (inhab.). Among the main characteristics were: increasing rates in under 1-year-old children (6.16 to 9.66/1,000 inhabitants); children aged 1 to 4 full years (63%); males (55%); 8 deaths of under one-year-old children (75%); county of Araguaína (67%); incidence in the county of Nazaré (63.97/1,000 inhab.); prevalence and incidence in the Araguaína microregion (45%, AAR 9.38/1,000 inhab.). The presence of a cluster with spatial autocorrelation was found in the Araguaína microregion, which was statistically significant (I = 0.11, p-value < 0.03), with priority of intervention (Moran Map). CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in the number of hospitalizations for diarrhea in under 5-year-old children in the state of Tocantins. The spatial analysis identified clusters of priority areas for measures of maintenance and control of diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volmar Morais Fontoura
- Department of Nursing, State University of Tocantins, Augustinópolis, Tocantins, Brazil
- Pos-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Reis TAV, Assis ASF, do Valle DA, Barletta VH, de Carvalho IP, Rose TL, Portes SAR, Leite JPG, da Rosa e Silva ML. The role of human adenoviruses type 41 in acute diarrheal disease in Minas Gerais after rotavirus vaccination. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:243-50. [PMID: 26887251 PMCID: PMC4822746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus species F (HAdV-F) type 40 and 41 are commonly associated with acute diarrheal disease (ADD) across the world. Despite being the largest state in southeastern Brazil and having the second largest number of inhabitants, there is no information in the State of Minas Gerais regarding the role of HAdV-F in the etiology of ADD. This study was performed to determine the prevalence, to verify the epidemiological aspects of infection, and to characterize the strains of human adenoviruses (HAdV) detected. A total of 377 diarrheal fecal samples were obtained between January 2007 and August 2011 from inpatient and outpatient children of age ranging from 0 to 12 years. All samples were previously tested for rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus, and 314 of 377 were negative. The viral DNA was extracted, amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and the HAdV-positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using the Chi-square test (p < 0.05), considering two conditions: the total of samples tested (377) and the total of negative samples for the remaining viruses tested (314). The overall prevalence of HAdV was 12.47% (47/377); and in 76.60% (36/47) of the positive samples, this virus was the only infectious agent detected. The phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of 32 positive samples revealed that they all clustered with the HAdV-F type 41. The statistical analysis showed that there was no correlation between the onset of the HAdV infection and the origin of the samples (inpatients or outpatients) in the two conditions tested: the total of samples tested (p = 0.598) and the total of negative samples for the remaining viruses tested (p = 0.614). There was a significant association in the occurrence of infection in children aged 0–12 months for the condition 1 (p = 0.030) as well as condition 2 (p = 0.019). The occurrence of infections due to HAdV did not coincide with a pattern of seasonal distribution. These data indicate the significant involvement of HAdV-F type 41 in the etiology of ADD in Minas Gerais, which demonstrates the importance of other viral agents in the development of the disease after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Aparecida Vieira Reis
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Andrêssa Silvino Ferreira Assis
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Almeida do Valle
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Vívian Honorato Barletta
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Iná Pires de Carvalho
- Virology Department, Institute of Microbiology Prof. Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Lundgren Rose
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Paulo Gagliardi Leite
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Luzia da Rosa e Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Global age distribution of pediatric norovirus cases. Vaccine 2015; 33:4065-8. [PMID: 26051514 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is increasingly recognized as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis among children <5 years of age. We searched for publications that reported detailed age distributions of pediatric norovirus cases, and assessed associations between age distribution and socio-demographic factors to identify the most critical age periods to prevent norovirus cases among young children. Approximately 70% of pediatric norovirus cases occurred between 6 and 23 months of age. A younger age distribution was found in lower income countries and inpatient settings. These findings suggest that a norovirus immunization schedule completed by 6 months could have the potential to prevent about 85% of pediatric cases, while a vaccine delivered at 12 months of age would only have the potential to prevent about 50% of pediatric cases. With a younger age distribution in lower income settings, early prevention would be even more critical.
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Hoxha T, Xhelili L, Azemi M, Avdiu M, Ismaili-Jaha V, Efendija-Beqa U, Grajcevci-Uka V. Comparing the Accuracy of the Three Dehydration Scales in Children with Acute Diarrhea in a Developing Country of Kosovo. Mater Sociomed 2015; 27:140-3. [PMID: 26244042 PMCID: PMC4499304 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2015.27.140-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although diarrhea is a preventable disease, it remains the second leading cause of death (after pneumonia) among children aged under five years worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) scale, the Gorelick scale, and the Clinical Dehydration Scale (CDS) were created to estimate dehydration status using clinical signs. The purpose of this study is to determine whether these clinical scales can accurately assess dehydration status of children in a developing country of Kosovo. METHODOLOGY Children aged 1 month to 5 years with a history of acute diarrhea were enrolled in the study. After recording the data about the patients historical features the treating physician recorded the physical examination findings consistent with each clinical score. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the performance of the three scales, compared to the gold standard, percent weight change with rehydration. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios were calculated using the best cut-off points of the ROC curves. RESULTS We enrolled 230 children, and 200 children met eligibility criteria. The WHO scale for predicting significant dehydration (≥5 percent weight change) had an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71 (95% : CI= 0.65-0.77). The Gorelick scales 4- and 10-point for predicting significant dehydration, had an area under the curve of 0.71 (95% : CI=0.63- 0.78) and 0.74 (95% : CI= 0.68-0.81) respectively. Only the CDS for predicting the significant dehydration above ≥6% percent weight change, did not have an area under the curve statistically different from the reference line with an AUC of 0.54 (95% CI = 0.45- 0.63). CONCLUSION The WHO dehydration scale and Gorelick scales were fair predictors of dehydration in children with diarrhea. Only the Clinical Dehydration Scale was found not to be a helpful predictor of dehydration in our study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teuta Hoxha
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Luan Xhelili
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Centre “Mother Teresa”, Tirana, Albania
| | - Mehmedali Azemi
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Muharrem Avdiu
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Vlora Ismaili-Jaha
- Pediatric Clinic, University Clinical Center of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo
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