Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in a patient with HTLV-I/II associated myelopathy

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in South and Central America and the Caribbean: systematic search and review

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is caused by the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) which is endemic in countries of Caribbean and Central and South America. We performed a systematic search and review to identify publications on ATL in these countries to verify if this disease was getting recognition in these regions as well as the characteristics of the observed cases. The median age of 49.4 years was lower than that referred to in Japan. According to our findings in most Brazilian states and in some other countries, ATL is not being recognized and should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of T-cell leukemias/lymphomas. Failure to identify these cases may be due to the unsystematic realization of serology for HTLV-1 and phenotypic identification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas that may result from lack of resources. Detection of ATL cases has been more feasible with cooperation from foreign research centers. A huge effort should be made to improve the surveillance system for ATL diagnosis in most of the South- and Central-American and Caribbean countries, and this attitude should be embraced by public organs to support health professionals in this important task.

[Somatosensitive and motor evoked potentials in HTLV-I associated myelopathy]

This study investigated 63 patients with HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) by somatosensitive evoked potentials (SEPs) and 42 of them by motor evoked potentials (MEP). All the patients had typical clinical history of HAM, serum samples tested positive for antibodies to HTLV-I screened for Particle Agglutination, ELISA and complemented by Western blot test. In patients studied by SEPs of lower limbs 51/63 (81 %) were abnormal and 11 of them (17.5%) were abnormal in upper limbs also. In patients studied by MEP 37/42 were abnormal, 34/42 (81%) in lower limbs and 25/42 (59.5%) in upper limbs. A high percent of the population studied had abnormalities of the corticospinal tracts on the four limbs at the PEM, without abnormalities in upper limbs by SEPs, showing the correlation between central motor conduction time in upper limbs and the clinical severity of HAM/TSP (p < 0.01). It was not found correlation between time of disease and the results of the SEPs and MEP (p = 0.69).

Global epidemiology of HTLV-I infection and associated diseases

Epidemiologic aspects of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection have been thoroughly studied over the course of approximately 25 years since its first description. The geographic distribution of the virus has been defined, with Japan, Africa, Caribbean islands and South America emerging as the areas of highest prevalence. The reasons for HTLV-I clustering, such as the high ubiquity in southwestern Japan but low prevalence in neighboring regions of Korea, China and eastern Russia are still unknown. The major modes of transmission are well understood, although better quantitative data on the incidence of transmission, and on promoting/inhibiting factors, are needed. Epidemiologic proof has been obtained for HTLV-I's causative role in major disease associations: adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), HTLV-associated uveitis and infective dermatitis. However, more and better studies are needed for other apparent disease outcomes such as rheumatologic, psychiatric and infectious diseases. Since curative treatment of ATL and HAM/TSP is lacking and a vaccine is unavailable, the social and financial cost for the individual, his/her family and the health system is immense. For this reason, public health interventions aimed at counseling and educating high-risk individuals and populations are of paramount importance.

Bullous adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia and human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 associated myelopathy in a 60-year-old man

Here we report a case of vesiculobullous adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL); to our knowledge the first such report of this presentation. We emphasize the difficulty in clinically distinguishing ATLL from cutaneous t-cell lymphoma. The case is further distinguished by the simultaneous presentation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1-related myelopathy in this patient, an unusual occurrence.

Toxoplasma gondii myelitis in a patient with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma

Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) caused by HTLV-I may be associated with severe immunosupression and several opportunistic infections. Toxoplasmic encephalitis is a common central nervous system opportunistic infection in severely immunosupressed patients, however spinal cord involvement by this parasite is rare. In this paper, we report a case of toxoplasmic myelitis in a patient with ATL.