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Wagle Shukla A, Lunny C, Mahboob O, Khalid U, Joyce M, Jha N, Nagaraja N, Shukla AM. Tremor Induced by Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, or Everolimus: A Review of the Literature. Drugs R D 2023; 23:301-329. [PMID: 37606750 PMCID: PMC10676343 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-023-00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus are immunosuppressant drugs that are known to induce tremors. Non-calcineurin inhibitors such as sirolimus and everolimus have also reportedly been accompanied by tremors, albeit less likely. However, the prevalence rates reported in the literature are notably wide, and the risk profiles for these drug-induced tremors are less understood. We searched PubMed to extract data on the risk of tremors with these drugs when prescribed for various transplant and non-transplant indications. We ascertained whether the risk of drug-induced tremor is influenced by the underlying diagnosis, dosing formulations, drug concentrations, and blood monitoring. We extracted data on treatment strategies and outcomes for tremors. Articles were primarily screened based on English language publications, abstracts, and studies with n ≥ 5, which included case series, retrospective studies, case-controlled studies, and prospective studies. We found 81 eligible studies comprising 33 cyclosporine, 43 tacrolimus, 6 sirolimus, and 1 everolimus that discussed tremor as an adverse event. In the pooled analysis of studies with n > 100, the incidence of tremor was 17% with cyclosporine, 21.5% with tacrolimus, and 7.8% with sirolimus and everolimus together. Regarding the underlying diagnosis, tremor was more frequently reported in kidney transplant (cyclosporine 28%, tacrolimus 30.1%) and bone marrow transplant (cyclosporine 40%, tacrolimus 41.9%) patients compared with liver transplant (cyclosporine 9%, tacrolimus 11.5%) and nontransplant indications (cyclosporine 21.5%, tacrolimus 11.3%). Most studies did not report whether the risk of tremors correlated with drug concentrations in the blood. The prevalence of tremors when using the twice-daily formulation of tacrolimus was nearly the same as the once-daily formulation (17% vs 18%). Data on individual-level risk factors for tremors were lacking. Except for three studies that found some benefit to maintaining magnesium levels, there were minimal data on treatments and outcomes. A large body of data supports a substantive and wide prevalence of tremor resulting from tacrolimus use followed by cyclosporine, especially in patients receiving a kidney transplant. However, there is little reporting on the patient-related risk factors for tremor, risk relationship with drug concentrations, treatment strategies, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, 3009 Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Caroline Lunny
- Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, 3009 Williston Road, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Omar Mahboob
- Florida State University Medical School, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Uzair Khalid
- University of Toronto Medical School, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malea Joyce
- North Florida South Georgia Veteran Healthcare System, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nivedita Jha
- Department of Neurology, Tower Health, Reading Hospital, Reading, PA, USA
| | - Nandakumar Nagaraja
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ashutosh M Shukla
- North Florida South Georgia Veteran Healthcare System, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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García M, Haro-Gonzalez JL, Aguirre C. Ciclosporin and chorea: a new association? J Neurol 2018; 265:2743-2744. [PMID: 30218177 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-9055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat García
- Basque Country Pharmacovigilance Unit, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Barrio Labeaga 46A, 48960, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | | | - Carmelo Aguirre
- Basque Country Pharmacovigilance Unit, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Barrio Labeaga 46A, 48960, Galdakao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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Morgan JC, Kurek JA, Davis JL, Sethi KD. Insights into Pathophysiology from Medication-induced Tremor. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2017; 7:442. [PMID: 29204312 PMCID: PMC5712675 DOI: 10.7916/d8fj2v9q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Medication-induced tremor (MIT) is common in clinical practice and there are many medications/drugs that can cause or exacerbate tremors. MIT typically occurs by enhancement of physiological tremor (EPT), but not all drugs cause tremor in this way. In this manuscript, we review how some common examples of MIT have informed us about the pathophysiology of tremor. Methods We performed a PubMed literature search for published articles dealing with MIT and attempted to identify articles that especially dealt with the medication's mechanism of inducing tremor. Results There is a paucity of literature that deals with the mechanisms of MIT, with most manuscripts only describing the frequency and clinical settings where MIT is observed. That being said, MIT emanates from multiple mechanisms depending on the drug and it often takes an individualized approach to manage MIT in a given patient. Discussion MIT has provided some insight into the mechanisms of tremors we see in clinical practice. The exact mechanism of MIT is unknown for most medications that cause tremor, but it is assumed that in most cases physiological tremor is influenced by these medications. Some medications (epinephrine) that cause EPT likely lead to tremor by peripheral mechanisms in the muscle (β-adrenergic agonists), but others may influence the central component (amitriptyline). Other drugs can cause tremor, presumably by blockade of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia (dopamine-blocking agents), by secondary effects such as causing hyperthyroidism (amiodarone), or by other mechanisms. We will attempt to discuss what is known and unknown about the pathophysiology of the most common MITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Morgan
- Movement Disorders Program Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Julie A. Kurek
- Movement Disorders Program Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jennie L. Davis
- Movement Disorders Program Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kapil D. Sethi
- Movement Disorders Program Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Kang HG, Park SK, Wang SJ, Oh SY, Ryu HU. Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome following long-term use of cyclosporine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:373-376. [PMID: 28905654 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1375511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a widely used immunosuppressive agent that may provoke unexpected neurologic complications. The mechanism is unclear and variable intervals have been reported between CsA administration and onset of the related side effects. Here, we describe a case of delayed-onset CsA neurotoxicity presenting as opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS). CASE DETAILS A 37-year-old woman with a two-week period of opsoclonus and upper extremity myoclonus was admitted to our hospital. The patient had been taking CsA for 17 years after receiving a kidney transplant. Further evaluation did not reveal any other abnormalities. Seven days after switching from CsA to tacrolimus, in the absence of additional immune-modulating therapy, her neurologic symptoms improved considerably. CONCLUSION This is the case of delayed, long-term complications of CsA presenting as OMS. Symptoms resolved by substituting CsA with another immunomodulating drug. The etiology of the neurologic complications may involve paradoxically-enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Goo Kang
- a Department of Neurology , Chosun University Hospital , Gwang-ju , South Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Park
- b Department of Internal Medicine , Chonbuk National University Hospital , Jeonju , South Korea
| | - Su Jeong Wang
- c Department of Neurology , Chonbuk National University Hospital , Jeonju , South Korea
| | - Sun-Young Oh
- c Department of Neurology , Chonbuk National University Hospital , Jeonju , South Korea
| | - Han Uk Ryu
- c Department of Neurology , Chonbuk National University Hospital , Jeonju , South Korea
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Miklavčič P, Avčin S, Jazbec J, Vipotnik Vesnaver T, Todorova B, Trošt M, Kojović M. Cyclosporine A induced dystonia-parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 2017; 375:68-70. [PMID: 28320190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Miklavčič
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Avčin
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Jazbec
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Division of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Biljana Todorova
- Department of Hematology, Division of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Trošt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Kojović
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Antirheumatic medication is of crucial importance within the treatment concept of chronic inflammatory disorders. Side effects may affect various organ systems, among which are neurologic manifestations. If patients have comorbidities involving the nervous system this should be taken into consideration before choosing an individual immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory compound, as any worsening of the underlying neurologic disease should be avoided. In this article, relevant neurologic disorders will be described with respect to the clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and treatment. In the second part, pharmaceuticals and biologicals which are frequently used as part of an antirheumatic regimen are discussed with respect to the potential to induce side effects specifically related to the nervous system.
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Evidence for a role of calcineurin in the development of retinocollicular fine topography. Neurosci Lett 2011; 487:47-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ling H, Bhidayasiri R. Reversible Parkinsonism after chronic cyclosporin treatment in renal transplantation. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1848-9. [PMID: 19606490 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Lima MA, Maradei S, Maranhao Filho P. Cyclosporine-induced parkinsonism. J Neurol 2009; 256:674-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-0137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Miyagi S, Sekiguchi S, Kawagishi N, Akamatsu Y, Sato A, Fujimori K, Satomi S. Parkinsonism During Cyclosporine Treatment in Liver Transplantation: An Unusual Case Report. Transplant Proc 2008; 40:2823-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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