Ultrastructural study of the effects of cyclosporine in the brainstem of Wistar rats submitted to the ethidium bromide demyelinating model

Ozone Therapy in Ethidium Bromide-Induced Demyelination in Rats: Possible Protective Effect

Multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, is characterized by excessive demyelination. The study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of ozone (O3) therapy in ethidium bromide (EB)-induced demyelination in rats either alone or in combination with corticosteroids in order to decrease the dose of steroid therapy. Rats were divided into Group (1) normal control rats received saline, Group (2) Sham-operated rats received saline, Group (3) Sham-operated rats received vehicle (oxygen), Group (4) EB-treated rats received EB, Group (5) EB-treated rats received O3, Group (6) EB-treated rats received methylprednisolone (MP), and Group (7) EB-treated rats received half the dose of MP concomitant with O3. EB-treated rats showed a significant increase in the number of footfalls in the grid walk test, decreased brain GSH, and paraoxonase-1 enzyme activity, whereas brain MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, INF-γ, Cox-2 immunoreactivity, and p53 protein levels were increased. A significant decline in brain serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and MBP immunoreactivity was also reported. Significant improvement of the above-mentioned parameters was demonstrated with the administration of either MP or O3, whereas best amelioration was achieved by combining half the dose of MP with ozone.

Time-Dependent Progression of Demyelination and Axonal Pathology in MP4-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal pathology. Myelin basic protein/proteolipid protein (MBP-PLP) fusion protein MP4 is capable of inducing chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in susceptible mouse strains mirroring diverse histopathological and immunological hallmarks of MS. Limited availability of human tissue underscores the importance of animal models to study the pathology of MS.

Methods

Twenty-two female C57BL/6 (B6) mice were immunized with MP4 and the clinical development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was observed. Methylene blue-stained semi-thin and ultra-thin sections of the lumbar spinal cord were assessed at the peak of acute EAE, three months (chronic EAE) and six months after onset of EAE (long-term EAE). The extent of lesional area and inflammation were analyzed in semi-thin sections on a light microscopic level. The magnitude of demyelination and axonal damage were determined using electron microscopy. Emphasis was put on the ventrolateral tract (VLT) of the spinal cord.

Results

B6 mice demonstrated increasing demyelination and severe axonal pathology in the course of MP4-induced EAE. In addition, mitochondrial swelling and a decrease in the nearest neighbor neurofilament distance (NNND) as early signs of axonal damage were evident with the onset of EAE. In semi-thin sections we observed the maximum of lesional area in the chronic state of EAE while inflammation was found to a similar extent in acute and chronic EAE. In contrast to the well-established myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) model, disease stages of MP4-induced EAE could not be distinguished by assessing the extent of parenchymal edema or the grade of inflammation.

Conclusions

Our results complement our previous ultrastructural studies of B6 EAE models and suggest that B6 mice immunized with different antigens constitute useful instruments to study the diverse histopathological aspects of MS.

Cyclosporine improves remyelination in diabetic rats submitted to a gliotoxic demyelinating model in the brainstem

The use of cyclosporine (CsA) has shown to induce an increase in density of oligodendrocytes near remyelinating areas following the injection of ethidium bromide (EB), a demyelinating agent, in the rat brainstem. It is also known that diabetes mellitus was capable of delaying remyelination by both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in this gliotoxic model. This study was designed to assess whether CsA had the capacity to improve remyelination in streptozotocin-induced (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal route) diabetic rats. Diabetic Wistar rats were divided in different groups receiving 10 microlitres of 0.1% EB or 0.9% saline solution into the cisterna pontis and were treated or not with CsA. During 7 days and, thereafter, three times a week, 10 mg/kg/day of CsA were given by intraperitoneal route. The rats were euthanized from 7 to 31 days after EB or saline injection and brainstem sections were collected and processed for light and transmission electron microscopy studies. Results from different groups were compared by using a semi-quantitative method developed for documenting the extent and nature of remyelination in semithin sections following gliotoxic lesions. Results showed that CsA administration to diabetic rats after EB injection stimulate both oligodendroglial and Schwann cell remyelination (mean remyelination scores of 3.15 ± 0.5 for oligodendrocytes and 1.36 ± 0.58 for Schwann cells) compared to untreated animals (2.52 ± 0.71 for oligodendrocytes and 0.73 ± 0.47 for Schwann cells, respectively). CsA given to diabetic rats was capable of reversing some of the deleterial effects of diabetes on remyelination.

Semi-quantitative analysis of the effects of cyclosporine on remyelination following gliotoxic injection in the brainstem

The use of cyclosporine (CsA) has shown to induce an increase in the density of oligodendrocytes near remyelinating areas following the injection of ethidium bromide (EB), a demyelinating agent, in the rat brainstem. This study was designed in order to evaluate if CsA has the capacity of increasing remyelination. In this context, a comparison between the final balance of myelin repair in CsA treated and non-treated rats was assessed using a semi-quantitative method developed for documenting the extent and nature of remyelination in gliotoxic lesions. Wistar rats were submitted to intracisternal injection of 10 microliters of 0.1% EB. Some were treated during 31 days with CsA (group III--10 mg/kg/day by 7 days and, thereafter, 3 times a week, with a minimal interval of 48 hours) by intraperitonial route. Others were not treated with CsA (group I). A control group was planned receiving into the cisterna pontis 10 microliters of 0.9% saline solution and following after that the same CsA administration protocol (group II). Results clearly demonstrate that in vivo administration of CsA after EB-demyelinating lesions stimulated oligodendrocyte remyelination (mean remyelination scores of 3.72±0.25 for oligodendrocytes and 1.04±0.39 for Schwann cells) compared to non-treated animals (3.13±0.71 and 1.31±0.62, respectively), although the mechanisms by which this positive CsA effect occurs are unclear.

Schwann cell expression of an oligodendrocyte-like remyelinating pattern after ethidium bromide injection in the rat spinal cord

Schwann cells are recognized by their capacity of producing single internodes of myelin around axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the ethidium bromide (EB) model of primary demyelination in the brainstem, it is observed the entry of Schwann cells into the central nervous system in order to contribute to the myelin repair performed by the oligodendrocytes that survived to the EB gliotoxic action, being able to even remyelinate more than one axon at the same time, in a pattern of repair similar to the oligodendroglial one. The present study was developed in the spinal cord to observe if Schwann cells maintained this competence of attending simultaneously different internodes. It was noted that, on the contrary of the brainstem, Schwann cells were the most important myelinogenic cells in the demyelinated site and, although rare, also presented the capacity of producing more than one internode of myelin in distinct axons.

Ethidium bromide-induced demyelination in the sciatic nerve of diabetic rats

This study aims to observe the process of myelin loss and repair following the injection of the gliotoxic agent ethidium bromide (EB) in the sciatic nerve of rats previously induced to diabetes mellitus by streptozotocin. Injection of EB was also done in non-diabetic rats. The animals were euthanatized from 3 to 31 days after intraneural injection and nerve sections were collected for ultrastructural study. In non-diabetic rats, Schwann cells (CS) showed signs of intoxication 3 days after, with cytoplasmic vacuolization and rejection of their myelin sheaths. Myelin debris were removed by macrophages in the endoneurium and mast cells were abundant in the lesions. From 14 days following EB injection, supernumerary CS were seen in the expanded endoneurium as well as thin myelin sheaths indicating remyelination. Diabetic rats presented a more extensive myelin vesiculation and segmentar demyelination, with delayed activities from both macrophages and remyelinating SC. No mast cells were noted.