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Potential Biomarkers Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910323. [PMID: 34638664 PMCID: PMC8508638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves an intricate and aberrant interaction of immune cells leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical subtypes, their diagnosis becomes challenging and the best treatment cannot be easily provided to patients. Biomarkers have been used to simplify the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, as well as to evaluate the results of clinical treatments. In recent years, research on biomarkers has advanced rapidly due to their ability to be easily and promptly measured, their specificity, and their reproducibility. Biomarkers are classified into several categories depending on whether they address personal or predictive susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, disease activity, or response to treatment in different clinical courses of MS. The identified members indicate a variety of pathological processes of MS, such as neuroaxonal damage, gliosis, demyelination, progression of disability, and remyelination, among others. The present review analyzes biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum, the most promising imaging biomarkers used in clinical practice. Furthermore, it aims to shed light on the criteria and challenges that a biomarker must face to be considered as a standard in daily clinical practice.
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D'Amico E, Zanghì A, Chisari CG, Zappia M, Patti F. Are oligoclonal bands associated to lower retinal layer thickness at the time of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis diagnosis? Evidence from an exploratory study. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102365. [PMID: 31404700 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Zanghì
- Department G. F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Italy
| | | | - Mario Zappia
- Department G. F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Italy
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Fenu G, Lorefice L, Sechi V, Loi L, Contu F, Cabras F, Coghe G, Frau J, Secci M, Melis C, Schirru L, Costa G, Melas V, Arru M, Barracciu M, Marrosu M, Cocco E. Brain volume in early MS patients with and without IgG oligoclonal bands in CSF. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 19:55-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kroth J, Ciolac D, Fleischer V, Koirala N, Krämer J, Muthuraman M, Luessi F, Bittner S, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Zipp F, Meuth SG, Groppa S. Increased cerebrospinal fluid albumin and immunoglobulin A fractions forecast cortical atrophy and longitudinal functional deterioration in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2017; 25:338-343. [PMID: 29226779 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517748474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, no unequivocal predictors of disease evolution exist in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cortical atrophy measurements are, however, closely associated with cumulative disability. OBJECTIVE Here, we aim to forecast longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-driven cortical atrophy and clinical disability from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers. METHODS We analyzed CSF fractions of albumin and immunoglobulins (Ig) A, G, and M and their CSF to serum quotients. RESULTS Widespread atrophy was highly associated with increased baseline CSF concentrations and quotients of albumin and IgA. Patients with increased CSFIgA and CSFIgM showed higher functional disability at follow-up. CONCLUSION CSF markers of blood-brain barrier integrity and specific immune response forecast emerging gray matter pathology and disease progression in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kroth
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dumitru Ciolac
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany/Department of Neurology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Vinzenz Fleischer
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nabin Koirala
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN), Research Center for Immunology (FZI), Rhine-Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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